Thematic Divisions in Book 11
1. The Martyrdom of Rogers 2. The Martyrdom of Saunders 3. Saunders' Letters 4. Hooper's Martyrdom 5. Hooper's Letters 6. Rowland Taylor's Martyrdom 7. Becket's Image and other events 8. Miles Coverdale and the Denmark Letters 9. Bonner and Reconciliation 10. Judge Hales 11. The Martyrdom of Thomas Tomkins 12. The Martyrdom of William Hunter 13. The Martyrdom of Higbed and Causton 14. The Martyrdom of Pigot, Knight and Laurence 15. Robert Farrar's Martyrdom 16. The Martyrdom of Rawlins/Rowland White17. The Restoration of Abbey Lands and other events in Spring 155518. The Providential Death of the Parson of Arundel 19. The Martyrdom of John Awcocke 20. The Martyrdom of George Marsh 21. The Letters of George Marsh 22. The Martyrdom of William Flower 23. The Martyrdom of Cardmaker and Warne 24. Letters of Warne and Cardmaker 25. The Martyrdom of Ardley and Simpson 26. John Tooly 27. The Examination of Robert Bromley [nb This is part of the Tooly affair]28. The Martyrdom of Thomas Haukes 29. Letters of Haukes 30. The Martyrdom of Thomas Watts 31. Mary's False Pregnancy32. Censorship Proclamation 33. Our Lady' Psalter 34. Martyrdom of Osmund, Bamford, Osborne and Chamberlain35. The Martyrdom of John Bradford 36. Bradford's Letters 37. William Minge 38. James Trevisam 39. The Martyrdom of John Bland 40. The Martyrdom of Frankesh, Middleton and Sheterden 41. Sheterden's Letters 42. Examinations of Hall, Wade and Polley 43. Martyrdom of Christopher Wade 44. Martyrdom of Carver and Launder 45. Martyrdom of Thomas Iveson 46. John Aleworth 47. Martyrdom of James Abbes 48. Martyrdom of Denley, Newman and Pacingham 49. Richard Hooke 50. Martyrdom of William Coker, et al 51. Martyrdom of George Tankerfield, et al 52. Martyrdom and Letters of Robert Smith 53. Martyrdom of Harwood and Fust 54. Martyrdom of William Haile 55. George King, Thomas Leyes and John Wade 56. William Andrew 57. Martyrdom of Robert Samuel 58. Samuel's Letters 59. William Allen 60. Martyrdom of Roger Coo 61. Martyrdom of Thomas Cobb 62. Martyrdom of Catmer, Streater, Burwood, Brodbridge, Tutty 63. Martyrdom of Hayward and Goreway 64. Martyrdom and Letters of Robert Glover 65. Cornelius Bungey 66. John and William Glover 67. Martyrdom of Wolsey and Pigot 68. Life and Character of Nicholas Ridley 69. Ridley's Letters 70. Life of Hugh Latimer 71. Latimer's Letters 72. Ridley and Latimer Re-examined and Executed73. More Letters of Ridley 74. Life and Death of Stephen Gardiner 75. Martyrdom of Webb, Roper and Park 76. William Wiseman 77. James Gore 78. Examinations and Martyrdom of John Philpot 79. Philpot's Letters 80. Martyrdom of Thomas Whittle, Barlett Green, et al 81. Letters of Thomas Wittle 82. Life of Bartlett Green 83. Letters of Bartlett Green 84. Thomas Browne 85. John Tudson 86. John Went 87. Isobel Foster 88. Joan Lashford 89. Five Canterbury Martyrs 90. Life and Martyrdom of Cranmer 91. Letters of Cranmer 92. Martyrdom of Agnes Potten and Joan Trunchfield 93. Persecution in Salisbury Maundrell, Coberly and Spicer 94. William Tyms, et al 95. Letters of Tyms 96. The Norfolk Supplication 97. Martyrdom of John Harpole and Joan Beach 98. John Hullier 99. Hullier's Letters 100. Christopher Lister and five other martyrs 101. Hugh Lauerocke and John Apprice 102. Katherine Hut, Elizabeth Thacknell, et al 103. Thomas Drury and Thomas Croker 104. Thomas Spicer, John Deny and Edmund Poole 105. Persecution of Winson and Mendlesam 106. Gregory Crow 107. William Slech 108. Avington Read, et al 109. Wood and Miles 110. Adherall and Clement 111. A Merchant's Servant Executed at Leicester 112. Thirteen Burnt at Stratford-le-Bow113. Persecution in Lichfield 114. Hunt, Norrice, Parret 115. Martyrdom of Bernard, Lawson and Foster 116. Examinations of John Fortune117. John Careless 118. Letters of John Careless 119. Martyrdom of Julius Palmer 120. Agnes Wardall 121. Peter Moone and his wife 122. Guernsey Martyrdoms 123. Dungate, Foreman and Tree 124. Martyrdom of Thomas More125. Examination of John Jackson126. Examination of John Newman 127. Martyrdom of Joan Waste 128. Martyrdom of Edward Sharpe 129. Four Burnt at Mayfield at Sussex 130. John Horne and a woman 131. William Dangerfield 132. Northampton Shoemaker 133. Prisoners Starved at Canterbury 134. More Persecution at Lichfield
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1767 [1728]

Quene Mary. The story and Martyrdome of Rawlins White a Fisherman.

MarginaliaAn. 1555. March.of hys, hys wife wyth great sorrow & grief of hart dyd performe, and early in the morning did sende it hym, which he receaued most gladly and ioyfully.

Now when the houre of hys execution was come, this good and cōstant father Rawlins was brought out of prison, hauing on hys body þe long Shiert, which (as you heard before) he called his wedding garment, & an old russet coate which he was wont to weare.  

Commentary   *   Close

There is a striking similarity between White's costume and what Laurence Saunders and Hugh Latimer wore at their executions. This suggests that these martyrs were trying to outfit themselves in attire which evoked images of Christ's passion.

Besides this, he had vpō his legges an old payre of leather buskins, which he had vsed long afore. And thus beyng brought out of the pryson (as I haue sayd) MarginaliaRawlins going to the place of execution.he was accompanied or rather garded with a great company of bylles and gleaues: which sight when hee behelde: Alas (quoth he) what meaneth all thys? All this needeth not. By Gods grace I wyll not start away: but I wyth all my hart and mynde geue vnto God most har- thankes that he hath made me worthy to abyde al this for hys holy names sake.

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So he came to a place in his way where as his poore wife and children stode weepyng and makyng great lamentation: MarginaliaRawlins somwhat moued at the sight of his wife and children.the suddaine sight of whom so pearCed his hart, that þe very teares trickled down his face.  

Commentary   *   Close

Part of the stoicism expected of a martyr was his ability to overcome natural affection and love for his or her family to follow his duty to God, even to the stake. (See Collinson [1983] on this). Foxe makes this point on several occasions, notably in his account of William Hunter and in his story of John Rogers confronting his children.

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But he soone after, as though he had misliked this infirmitie of his flesh, began to be as it were altogether angry with him selfe: In somuch that in strikyng his brest with his hand, he vsed these wordes: MarginaliaRawlins wrastleth against his fleshe.Ah flesh, staiest thou me so? wouldest thou fayne preuaile? well I tell thee do what thou canst, thou shalt not, by God grace, haue the victory. By this tyme this poore innocent came to the very aultar of his sacrifice (I meane the place appoynted for his death) and there found a stake ready set vp, with some wood toward þe makyng of the fire. Which when he beheld, he set forward him selfe very boldly: but in goyng toward the stake he fell downe vpon hys knees and kissed the ground, and in rising agayne, the earth a litle stickyng on his nose, hee sayd these wordes: earth vnto earth, and dust vnto dust, thou art my mother and vnto thee shall I returne: Then went he cherefully & very ioyfully, and set his backe close vnto the stake, and when he had stode there a while, he cast his eye vpon this reporter, and called him vnto him and sayd: I feele MarginaliaThe agony & fight of thys Christian warriour.a great fightyng betwene the flesh and the spirite, and the flesh would very faine haue his swynge, and therfore I pray you when you see me any thyng tempted, hold your finger vp to me, and I trust I shal remember my selfe.

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As he was thus standyng with his backe close vnto the stake, a Smith came with a great chaine of yron: whom when he saw he cast vp his hand with a loud voyce, and gaue God great thankes. MarginaliaRawlins fastened to the stake.Then the Smith cast the chaine about him, and as he was making it fast on the other side, Raulins sayd vnto hym, I pray you good frend knocke in the chaine fast, for it may be that the flesh would striue mightly: but God of thy mercy geue me strength and pacience to abyde the extremitie.

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Now when þe Smith had made him sure to the stake, the officers begā to lay on more wood with a litle straw and reed: wherein the good old man was no lesse occupyed then the best: MarginaliaThe chearfulnes of father Rawlins at his death.for as farre as he could reach hys handes, he would plucke the straw and reed and lay it about him in places most conuenient for his speedy dispatch. Which thyng he did with such a cherefull coūtenaunce and familiar gesture, that all men there present were in a maner astonyed.

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Thus when all thynges were ready, so that there lacked nothyng but the puttyng to of the fire, directly ouer against the stacke in the face of Raulins, there was a standyng erected, whereon stept vp a Priest addressing him selfe to speake to þe peopleMarginaliaA popish sermō preached at Rawlins Martyrdome. which were many in nūber, because it was Market day. When Raulins perceaued him, & cōsidered the cause of his coming, he reached a litle straw vnto hym & made ij. litle stayes and set them vnder his elbowes. Then wēt the Priest forward in his Sermon, wherein he spake of many thyngs touchyng the authoritie of þe Church of Rome.

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In the meane tyme Raulins gaue such good eare and intention, that he seemed nothyng at all moued or disquieted. At the last the Priest came to the Sacrament of the aultar, and there he began to inuey agaynst Raulins opinions: in which his inuection hee cited the commō place of Scripture & therupon made a Clerkely interpretation.

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Now when Raulins perceaued that he went about not onely to preach and teach the people false doctrine, but also to confirme it by Scripture: he suddenly start vp and beckened his hādes to the people, saying twise: Come hether good people & heare not a false Prophet preachyng: and then sayd vnto the preacher: MarginaliaRawlins wordes to the false Prophet.Ah thou noughty hypocrite, doest thou presume to proue thy false doctrine by Scripture? Looke in the text what foloweth: did not Christ say? do this in the remembraunce of me: After which wordes the Priest beyng rather amazed then interrupted, forthwith held his peace.

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MarginaliaThe Martyrdome of Rawlins White, a Fisherman, at Cardiffe. An. 1555 March.¶ The burnyng of Raulins, Martyr.

woodcut [View a larger version]

Commentary on the Woodcuts   *   Close
The illustration of the bearded dignified figure of Rawlins White, one of the small woodcuts (Type 2) added to the 1570 edition, was among the group of these well-worked blocks which was not reused. Although Foxe's account provided sufficient drama for a specific illustration, this seemingly generalised image was perhaps following the text in showing Rawlins, the 'good old man' (aged about 60), his back 'close to the stake', bearded and bolt upright.

Then some that stoode by cryed out, put fire, set to fire: which being set to, the strawe and reede by and by cast vp both a great and a suddayn flame. In the which flame this good & blessed mā bathed his hands so long, vntill such tyme as the sinnewes shronke and the fatte dropped away, sauing that once he did, as it were, wipe his face with one of them. All this whyle, which was some what long, he cried with a loud voyce: O Lord receaue my soule: O Lord receaue my spirite, vntill he could not open his mouth. MarginaliaThe constant patience of Rawlins at his burning.At the last the extremity of the fire was so vehement against his legges, that they were consumed almost before the rest of his body was burned: which made the whole body fall ouer þe chaine into the fyre soner then it would haue done. During which tyme of his burning it can not bee sayd that hee suffred or felt any great payne, considering that not without his perfect memory he abode both quietly, and paciently euen vnto the departing of his lyfe.  

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Here again White is displaying the stoicism expected of a martyr. On the polemical importance of the stoicism of the martyrs see Collinson (1983) and Freeman (1997).

Thus died this godly and old man Rawlins for the testimony of Gods truth, being now rewarded, no doubt, wyth the crowne of euerlasting lyfe.

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MarginaliaA soden alteration of nature marueilous in Rawlins before hys death.It is recorded furthermore of the sayd good father Rawlins by this reporter, that as he was going to his death and stāding at the stake, he seemed in a maner to be altered in nature. For where as before he was wōt to go stowping, or rather crooked, through the infirmitie of age, hauing a sad countenaunce and a very feeble

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