tichrist, and without licence.

Marginalia4.
The head and tayle of Antichrist.That the courte of Rome is the chiefe head of Antichrist, and the Bishops be the body: and the new sectes, that is, the monkes, chanons, & friers, brought in not by Christ, but damnablye by the Pope, be the venemous and pestiferous tayle of Antichrist.

Marginalia5.
Thys is true, speaking of the inuisible church.That no reprobate is a member of the church, but only such as be elected and predestinate to saluation: seeing the church is no other thyng but the congregation of faythfull soules, which doe and will kepe their fayth constantly, as well in deede as in worde.

Marginalia6.That Christ did neuer plante priuate religions in the Churche, but whilest he liued in this world he dyd roote them out. By which it appeareth, that priuate religions be vnprofitable braunches in the churche and to be rooted out.

Marginalia7.That the materiall Churches shoulde not be decked with golde, siluer and precious stones sumptuously, but þ^t followers of the humilitie of Iesus Christ, ought to worship theyr Lorde God humbly in meane and simple houses, and not in great buildings, as the churches be now a dayes.

Marginalia8.
Two causes of persecution noted.That there bee ij. chiefe causes of the persecution of the Christians: one is the priestes vnlawfull kepyng of tēporall & superfluous goods, the other is the vnsatiable beggyng of the Friers, with their hye buildinges.

Marginalia9.
Foure conditions in geuing almes.That almes is not geuen vertuouslye nor lawful-fully, excepte it be geuen with these iiij. conditions: first vnlesse it be geuē to þ^e honour of God. 2. vnlesse it be geuen of goodes iustly gotten. 3. vnlesse it be geuen to such a person as the geuer therof knoweth to bee in charitie. and 4. vnlesse it be geuen to such as haue neede and doe not dissemble.

Marginalia10.That the often singing in the church is not founded in þ^e scripture, & therfore it is not lawfull for priestes to occupy thē selues with singyng in the church, but with þ^e study of the lawe of Christ, and preachyng his worde.

Marginalia11.
That bread remayneth in the Sacrament.That Iudas did receiue þ^e body of Christ in bread and hys bloud in wine. In the which it doth plainly appeare that after consecration of bread and wine made, the same breade and wine that was before, doth truely remaine on the altar.

Marginalia12.That all ecclesiasticall suffrages do profite all vertuous and godly persons indifferently.

Marginalia13.That the Popes and the Bishops indulgences be vnprofitable, neither cā they profite them, to whom they be geuen, by any meanes.

Marginalia14.That the laitye is not bounde to obey the prelates what soeuer they commaunde, vnlesse the Prelates doo watch to geue God a iust accompt for the soules of thē.

Marginalia15.That Images are not to be sought to by pilgrimages, neither is it lawfull for Christians, to bow their knees to them, neither to kisse them, nor to geue them any maner of reuerēce. MarginaliaThe bookes of Iohn Claydon burned.For the which articles the Archbishop with other Bishops, and diuers learned communing together, first condemned the bookes as hereticall and burned them in fier: and then because, they thought the sayd Iohn Claydon to bee foresworne and fallē into heresie, the Archbishop did procede to his diffinitiue sentence agaynst the sayd Iohn personally appearyng before him in iudgement (his cōfessions being red and deposed agaynst hym) after this maner.

MarginaliaThe sentence and condemnation of Iohn Claydon.JN the name of God Amen. Wee Henry by the grace of God Archbishop of Cāterbury, primate of all England, & Legate of the Apostolicke sea, in a certaine cause of hereticall prauitie and of relapse into the same, wher vpon Iohn Claydon laymā of our prouince of Canterbury, was detected, accused and denounced, & in the said our prouince of Canterbury, publickly diffamed (as by publicke fame & common report notoriouslye to vs hath ben knowē) fyrst, sitting in Iudgement seat & obseruing all thinges lawfully required in this behalfe, do procede to the prenouncyng of the sentēce diffinitiue in forme asfoloweth. The name of Christ beyng inuocated and onely set before our eyes, for asmuch as by the actes and thynges enacted, producted, exhibited & confessed before vs, also by diuers signes and euidences we haue founde the sayd Iohn Claydon to haue ben and to be publickly and notoriously relapsed agayne into his former heresye heretofore by him abiured: according to the merites and desertes of the said cause, being of vs diligently searched, wayed and pondered before, to the intent that the sayde Iohn Claydon shall not infecte other with his scabbe, by the consent and assent of our reuerende brethren Richarde Bishop of London, Iohn Bishop of Couentry and Lichfielde, and Steuen Bishop of S. Dauides, and of other Doctours aswell of Diuinitie as of both lawes, and also of other discret and learned mē assistyng vs in this behalfe, do Iudge pronoūce and declare the sayd Iohn Claydon, to be relapsed agayne into hys heresy, whiche he before did abiure, MarginaliaIohn Claydon committed to the secular power.finally and diffinitiuely appointing him to be left vnto the secular iudgement, and so do leue hym by these presentes.

Thus Iohn Claydon receauing his iudgement and condemnation of the Archbishop, was committed to the secular power, and by thē vniustly and vnlawfully was committed to the fire, MarginaliaThe lawe de comburendo, insufficiēt.for that the temporal magistrate had no such lawe sufficient for them to burne any such man for religion condemned of the prelates, as is aboue sufficiently proued and declared, pag. 698. MarginaliaThe death and martirdome of I. Claydon.But to bee short, Quo iure quaq; iniuria, Iohn Claydon notwithstanding, by þ^e temporall Magistrates, not long after, was had to smithfield, where mekely he was made a burnt offeryng vnto the Lord. an. 1415.

Commentary on the Woodcuts     Close

The London skinner, John Claydon, enters the annals of Lollard history (and martyrology) chiefly on account of his possession and reading (or rather hearing read, since he was illiterate) of the still extant text, The Lanterne of Light. It was this which brought him to his death in 1415. The associate who was tried and burned with him, variously named Richard Gurmyn, Turmyn and Baker (presumably his trade), may have participated in Oldcastle's rising the previous year. Foxe went to the Canterbury Registers to verify the case against these two men, as part of his investigation into the case against Lord Cobham (part of whose story precedes this in the Acts and Monuments). Note that Claydon had been under suspicion of heresy for twenty years, so he was not a young man when executed. CUL copy: if Claydon is the figure on the left then his age is suggested by the colouring in of this copy, that depicts this man as having both greying hair and beard. The figure on the right has rich brown chosen for his hair and beard. Both men are dressed in white. Wren: the same attention to detail appears in the colouring of this copy also.

MarginaliaIohn Claydon, Rych. Turmyng, martyrs.Robert Fabian, and other Chronologers whiche folow him, adde also that Richard Turmyng Baker, of whō mentiō is made before in the examination of Iohn Claydon, was likewise the same tyme burned with him in Smithfield. Albeit in the register I finde no sentence of condemnation geuē against the sayd Turming, neither yet in the story of S. Albans is there any such mention of his burnyng made, but onely of the burnyng of Iohn Claydon aforesayd: wherefore the iudgemēt hereof I leaue free to the reader. Notwithstandyng, concernyng the sayd Turming this is certain, that he was accused vnto the Bishops, & no doubt was in their hādes, and bandes. What afterward was done with him, I referre it vnto the authors.

The next yeare after the burnyng of these two afore