yng on horse backe,MarginaliaM. Luthers bokes burnt in Chepeside rode formost thorow the streetes, tyll they came aboue the standard in Cheapeside, where a great fire was made to burne their bookes in, and a Pillery set vp there for 4. persons in token that they had deserued it.
In the meane tyme, by the way as they shoulde come it was appointed, that one should go before them with a bason. At the noyse wherof, M. Sommers horse beyng a loftye geldyng and fierce, was in such a rage, that he which ronge the bason beyng afeard of him selfe, was fayne to go alone a great space before that any horseman dyd folow after. At length whē they came to the fire, euery of them hauyng a booke in his hand, they were commaunded to caste their bookes into the fire.MarginaliaThe papistes burne the new Testament. But when M. Sommers saw that his new Testament shoulde be burned, he threwe it ouer the fire: whiche was seene by some of Gods enemyes. and brought to him agayne, commaundyng hym to cast it into the fire: which hee would not doe, but cast it thorow the fire. Whiche thyng was done iij. times. But at last a stander by tooke it vp, and saued it frō burnyng. But not long after,MarginaliaTho. Sommers dyed in the Tower. the sayde M. Sommers was caste agayne into the Tower by the Cardinall, thorow the crueltye of the Byshops, and their adherentes, who soone after dyed in þe sayd prison for the testimonie of his fayth.
[Back to Top]What trouble and vexation happened amongest the godly brethren in London, for the vi. Articles, hetherto we haue discoursed. Albeit neither haue I cōprehended all, which were molested through all the Parishes of London: neyther agayne dyd thys rigorous Inquisition so cease within the precinctes of this Citie onelye, but also extended further to Salisburye, Northfolke. Lincolne, and through all other Shyres and quarters of the realme: so that where as any popishe Prelate most bare stroke, there most persecution encreased. The Byshop of Lyncolne the same tyme was Iohn Longland, and Doct. Dracotte his Chancellour, Of whose rigorous doynges ye haue hearde enough & to much before. His ready diligence in all popish quarrels as it neuer lacked before: so nowe in the execution of these vi. Articles, it was not farre behynde: in whose diocesse diuers good men and wemen, namely about Buckingham and Amershame, and quarters theraboutes, were greuously disquieted, appearyng yet in the same Register
The six individuals following are not known from other sources, with one exception, but their offences have a distinctively Lollard flavour to them, and seem out of place here. Blunt denials of the Mass, couched in crude language and accompanied by mockery of the clergy, are far more characteristic of Lollardy than of mainstream Protestantism. Foxe's source can be presumed to be, as he says, Lincoln diocesan records. The suspicion that these cases are misplaced in Foxe is apparently confirmed by one trace of these individuals in other records. A William Hart was charged with heresy in Lincoln diocese on 4 October 1530: Lincoln Record Office, vj.11, fo. 144v, cited in John Fines, A biographical register of early English Protestants and others opposed to the Roman Catholic Church 1525-58, part II (unpublished typescript).
[Back to Top] Elinore Godfrey. | MarginaliaOf great Marlow. For laughing & speaking certain wordes against one Tho. Collerd, who like a pope- holy hypocrite in the church of Merlowe, v- sed at Masse tyme to crouche behynde the children: and when the priest crossed his hed with the saucer (as she termed it) he would crosse his hed likewise. And for these words she was conuented before the bishop, & miserably vexed. |
MarginaliaOf great Bryckhill.W. Hart. | For saying these wordes: Thinkest thou that God almighty will abide ouer a knaue priestes hed? |
Of Ryshborogh.Christoph. Erle. | Because he did no reuerence vnto the sa- crament comming to the church, and for loo- king vpon his boke at tyme of eleuation, and that he would not come to see the eleuation. &c. Item, as he was working vpon a piece of Fustian on an holyday, and being asked why he kept not the holyday, he aunswered, that was no worke, and that it was better to do that, then to sit at the Alehouse drin- king dronke. |
MarginaliaOf Wooborne.W. Fasten- diche. | For speaking certaine wordes against the sacrament of the alter, and beleued not, that it was the very body of Christ. |
MarginaliaOf Westwycombe.W. Garland | W. Garland, talking of extreme vnction, sayd that those thinges were godly signes, but there were but two sacramentes. &c. |
W. Webbe. | Because he set the Image of a headlesse Beare in the Tabernacle of S. Roke. |
A particularly egregious example of Foxe's chronological confusion. This misplacing of this case is obvious - English texts of the Lord's Prayer and of the Bible were entirely legal in the latter part of Henry VIII's reign. To compound the confusion, in 1570 and subsequent editions, Thomas Barnard, husbandman, and James Mordon, labourer, are described (and, in 1576 and 1583, depicted) as being burned in one fire at Amersham, 'two or thre yeres' after the burning of William Tilsworth (aka Tylseley) in 1506 (1570, p. 117 recte 917). Yet a few pages later, they are described (1570 pp. 949-54) as Lollards arrested in 1521, with some details given of their offences and networks, and it is said that both were burned in the same year as relapsed heretics (1570, p. 964). In any event, they did not survive to be burned in the 1540s.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaTho. Bernard Iames Morton, Martyrs. ABout the same tyme Iohn Longland Byshop of Lyncolne, burned two vpon one day, the one named Thomas Bernard, and the other Iames Morton: The one for teaching the Lordes prayer in Englishe, and the other for kepyng the Epistle of S. Iames translated into Englishe.
MarginaliaThe recantation of M. Barber in Oxford. In Oxford
This detail, one of many provided for Foxe by Cranmer's former secretary Ralph Morice during the 1560s, likely refers to a scholar named Laurence Barber, who died in or shortly before July 1539. A. B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford A.D. 1501 to 1540 (Oxford 1974), p. 24.
Foxe based his initial version of the panic - due to a false alarm of fire - at the penance of John Mallory, on his memory. (Foxe states in the Rerum that he witnessed the incident). There is, however, independent corroboration of Foxe's account, in a poem by John White, written in honour of John Claymund, who played a conspicuous - and according to White, heroic - role in the affair. (See John White, Diacosio-Martyrion {Louvain, 1553], STC 25388, fos 82r-83r). White also supplies a detail that Foxe omits, the date of the incident: the third Sunday of Advent, 1536. Foxe's first account of the panic appeared in the Rerum (pp. 139-44). This section was translated word-for-word in 1563. In 1570, Foxe added new details (the name of the person doing penance and the name of the person who started calling 'fire') which must have come, directly or indirectly, from others present at the incident. In the second edition, Foxe also deleted passages - originally in the Rerum - that explained to non-English readers how the English dealt with fires and that they roofed their churches with lead (this interesting passage, comparing methods of dealing with fire alarms in England and Germany first appears in the Rerum (p. 140) and was directly translated from that into the 1563 edition. It was dropped thereafter as Foxe no longer expected a large non-English audience for his martyrology). The version of the incident printed in 1570 was unchanged in subsequent editions. Foxe's purpose in printing this anecdote is not obvious. The story involves neither a martyrdom nor an important episode in the history of the Reformation. Foxe probably included the story precisely because it was not a martyrdom. As he descibes it, it is a 'merry and pleasant Interlude'which breaks up a grim narrative of persecutions following the Act of Six Articles. At the same time, it allowed Foxe to expostulate on the horror of burning people to death for heresy.
[Back to Top]Thomas S. Freeman.
MarginaliaThe recantation of M. Malary Graduate of Cambrige, who recanted at Oxforde. THis recantation of M. Barbar aforesayd in the Vniuersitie of Oxford, bryngeth me in remembraunce of an other recantation likewise happenyng not long before, in the sayd Vniuersitie, whiche I thought here not to ouer passe, and namely for that the same caryeth withall, a merye ridiculous spectacle, not vnworthy to be remembred, and here to be inserted, somewhat to recreate and refreshe by the way, the werye mynde of the reader, after so many bloudy and lamentable storyes executions, recantations, and tragedies aboue passed. The storye is this.
[Back to Top]There was one M. Malary, maister of Arte of Cambridge, scholar of Christes Colledge
The name of the person doing penance was added in the 1570 edition. Foxe's source was quite accurate: John Mallory had proceeded to take his MA degree at Christ's College in 1527 (Venn).
St Mary's was the University church at Oxford. In 1563, Foxe's wording for this passage is significant: 'upon a Sunday as I remember'. This is an indication that Foxe was present at the event.
Richard Smith was appointed the first Regius Professor of Divinity in October 1536.
All thinges thus beynge prepared and set in a readines, commeth foorth poore Mallarye with his fagotte vpō hys shoulder. Not long after also procedeth the Doctor into the pulpitte to make his Sermon: the purpose and argument wherof was wholy vppon the Sacrament.MarginaliaThe Sacrament of the altar brought into the pulpitte. The which Doctor for the more confirmation and credite to his wordes, had prouided the holy catholicke cake, and the Sacrament of the alter, there to hange by a stringe before hym in the pulpitte. Thus the Doctor with his God almighty
I.e., the wafer. This derisive phrase was added in the 1570 edition.
The name of the person who started calling 'fire' was added in the 1570 edition.
Thys sounde of fire beyng heard into the Churche, first of them whiche stoode vttermost next to the Church doore so encreased and went from one to an other, that at length it came vnto the eares of the Doctors, and at laste to þe preacher hym selfe.MarginaliaA maze amōg D. Smithes audience in Oxforde. Who as soone as they heard the matter, beyng amazed with sodeine feare., and maruelyng what the matter should meane, began to looke vp into the toppe of the Churche, and to beholde the walles. The residue seing them looke vp, looked vp also. Then began they in the middest of the audience to crye out with a loude voyce, fire, fire. Where sayth one? where sayth an other? In the Churche, sayth one. The mention of the Churche was scarslye pronounced,MarginaliaS. Maries church in Oxforde falsly supposed to be set on fire by heretickes. whē as in one moment there was a common crie amongest them, the Church is on fire, the Church is set on fire by heretickes. &c. And albeit no man dyd see any fire at all, yet for somuch as al mē cryed out so euery man thought it true that he heard. Then was there such feare, concourse, and tumult of people, through the whole churche, that it can not be declared in wordes, as it was in deede.
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