MarginaliaAn. 1555. March.Then Boner caused all his Articles and confession to be agayne openly read, and so in his accustomed maner perswaded with hym to recant. To whom hee finally sayd: My Lord, I can not see but that you would haue me to forsake the truth, and to fall into errour and heresie. The Byshop seyng he would not recant, dyd proceede in his lawe, and so gaue sentence of condemnation vpon him.MarginaliaSentence read agaynst Tomkins.
[Back to Top]Then he deliuered hym to the Shrieffe of London, who caryed hym strayght vnto Newgate, where hee remained most ioyous and constant, vntill the MarginaliaMarch. 16.xvj. day of March
This date is 15 March in 1563 and was corrected to 16 March in 1570.
William Hunter's case should have disturbed the authorities. He was one of the first of the lay people of humble background to be executed and, unlike some of the other early martyrs with similar backgrounds (e.g., Thomas Tomkins and John Warne), he had no previous history of religious dissidence. The narrative Foxe presents of his arrest and judicial ordeals presents a vivid picture of overzealous local authorities feeding the fires of persecution.
[Back to Top]Foxe's narrative is an excellent example of the importance of oral sources to his martyrology. The entire account of Hunter in the Rerum consists of praise of Hunter's parents for subordinating their natural love for their son to ther duty to God and their support for his refusal to submit (Rerum, pp. 427-8). This material was reprinted in the 1563 edition, with no significant change or addition. But in the second edition, Foxe added the detailed and vivid narrative of William Hunter's arrest, interrogations and martyrdom, which was clearly supplied by Hunter's brother Robert. The reader should keep this source in mind when reading the account: its strengths are its mastery of local detail and its access to the feelings of the martyr and those around him (e.g., his description of William Hunter's dreams). But partisanship may colour some of the 'facts' of the narrative: for example, did the sun shine brightly on Hunter after he prayed for the Son of God to shine upon him?
[Back to Top]Several notes focus upon the unnaturalness of popery: Foxe exploits the request to Hunter's father to return his son to what he suspects, with justice, will be his death; the glosses concerned with this episode use metaphors of 'fruit', and comment on the naturalnes of the relations between Hunter and his father. In the gloss 'The fruite of the Popes doctrine to set the father agaynst the sonne', Foxe sets the generative metaphors of fruit and paternity against each other to emphasise the subversion of the natural order by papal doctrine and offers a contrast in a later gloss, 'The working of nature betwene the father & the sonne'. Another gloss emphasises the comforting of Hunter by the son of the sheriff ('The Shriffes sonne geueth comfortable wordes to W. Hunter'), which suggests that a son was set against his father. Two glosses make use of phrases established in Book X as anti-catholic commonplaces: the charge that papists cannot 'abide' scripture ('The Catholickes cannot abide the Bible') and the use of the phrase 'pelting chafe' to indicate the fury of a persecutor ('M. Browne in a pelting chafe'). Some glosses near to the account of Hunter's death ('His father and mother come to cōfort him'; 'His father & mother exhort him to be constant'; 'Maister Higbed maruelleth at the constancy of Williams mother') emphasise constancy and several relate the prophetic dream Hunter had shortly before his death and the occasions of 'verification' of it ('A notable thing concerning W. Hunters dreame'; 'W. Hunters dreame verefied'; 'Williams dreame verified'). The cruel treatment of Hunter is also stressed ('Boner commaundeth W. Hunter to the stockes. W. Hunter 2. dayes & 2. nightes in the stockes, with a crust of bread, & a cuppe of water'; 'W. Hnnter layd in the conuict prison with as many yrons as he could beare'). An erroneous date in the 1563 edition is corrected in later editions.
[Back to Top]The conquering of affection and love was an important part of the stoicism which was expected of the martyrs (see Collinson [1983]). Foxe describes martyrs such as John Rogers and Rawlins White refusing to allow the sight of their families to dissaude them from martyrdom. The Hunter family supplied Foxe with an opportunity to stress this domestic stoicism from another angle, that of the martyrs' families.
[Back to Top]Foxe's deletion of the passages from his later editions does not indicate that he felt that the topic was unimportant, but it reflects the need to accommodate the considerable detail which Robert Hunter would supply about his brother.
MarginaliaW. Hunter prentise in Colman streete wyth Thomas Taylour.William Hunter being a Prentise in London in the fyrst yeare of Queene Mary, was commaunded at the Easter next following, to receaue the Communion at a Masse, by the Priest of the Parishe where hee dwelt, called Colman streete: whiche, because he refused to doe, MarginaliaW. Hunter threatned for not receauing at a Masse.he was very much threatned that he should bee therefore brought before the Byshop of London. Wherefore William Hunters Maister one Thomas Taylour, a Silke weauer, MarginaliaW. Hunter willed of his Mayster to depart.required William Hunter, to goe and departe from hym, lest that he should come in daunger, because of hym, if he continued in his house. For the whiche causes, William Hunter tooke leaue of his sayd maister, MarginaliaW. Hunter commeth to his father at Burntwoode.and thence came to Burntwoode where his father dwelt, with whom hee remayned afterward, about the space of halfe a quarter of a yeare.
[Back to Top]After this it happened, within. fiue or vj. weekes, that William goyng into the Chappell of Burntwood, and finding there a Bible lying on a Deske, dyd reade therein. In the meane time there came in one father Atwell a Sumner,
A summoner for the bishop: that is, an official responsible for collecting small sums of money owed to the bishop and with ensuring attendance at ecclesiastical courts.
To whom William aunswered and sayd: MarginaliaFather Atwell a Sumner or Promotor.father Atwell, I take not vppon me to expounde the Scriptures, except I were dispensed
I.e., licensed.
To the which wordes William aunswered saying: MarginaliaTalke betwene Atwell and W. Hunter concerning the Bible.Father Atwell, say not so for Gods sake, for it is Gods booke, out of the whiche euery one that hath grace may learne to know what things both please God, & also what displeaseth him. Then sayd father Atwell: could we not tell before this tyme, as well as now, how God was serued? William aunswered: no father Atwel, nothyng so wel, as we may now, if that we might haue his blessed word, amōgst vs still as we haue had. It is true sayd father Atwell, if it be as you say.
[Back to Top]Well sayd William Hunter, it liketh me very well, and I pray God that we may haue the blessed Bible amongest vs continually. To the which wordes father Atwell sayd, I perceiue your mynde well inough, MarginaliaThe Catholickes can not abyde the Bible.you are one of them that misliketh the Queenes lawes, and therfore you came from London, I heare say. You learned these wayes at London, but for all that, sayd father Atwell, you must turne an other leafe, or els you and a great sorte moe heretickes wyll broyle for this geare, I warrāt you. To the which wordes William sayd: God geue me grace that I may beleue hys word and confesse his name, whatsoeuer come therof. Con-
[Back to Top]fesse his name, quoth olde Atwell? no, no, ye will go to the deuill all of you, and confesse his name.
What, sayd William? you say not well father Atwell. At the whiche woordes he went out of the Chappell in a great fury, saying: MarginaliaAtwell not able to reason, but he is able to accuse the innocent.I am not able to reason with thee, but I will fetch one straight way which shall talke with thee, I warrant the thou hereticke. And hee leauyng William Hunter readyng in the Bible, straight wayes brought one Thomas Wood, who was then Vicar of Southwelde, which was at an Alehouse euē ouer agaynst the sayd Chappell: who hearyng olde Atwell saye that William Hunter was reading of the Bible in the Chappell, came by and by to hym, MarginaliaThe vicar of Southweild angry with W. Hunter for reading in the Bible.and findyng hym readyng in the Bible, tooke þe matter very haynously, saying: Sirha who gaue the leaue to read in the Bible and to expound it?
[Back to Top]Then William aunswered: I expounde not the Scriptures Syr, but read them for my comfort. What medlest thou with them at all, sayd the Vicar? It becommeth not thee, nor none such to medle with the Scriptures, But William aunswered: I will read the Scriptures god willing, while I liue, and you ought (M. Vicar) not to discourage any man for that matter, but rather exhort mē diligently to read the scriptures for your discharge & their own.
[Back to Top]Vnto the which the Vicar aunswered: MarginaliaThe Catholickes in no wyse will be controled.It becommeth thee well to tell mee what I haue to doe. I see thou art an hereticke, by thy wordes, William sayd, I am no hereticke for speakyng the truth. But the Vicar sayd, it is a mery worlde when such as thou art, shall teach vs what is the truth. Thou art medlyng, father Atwell tels me with the vi. of Iohn, wherein thou mayest perceiue, how Christ sayth? Except that ye eate the flesh of Christ and drynke his bloud, ye haue no lyfe in you. William sayd. I read the vi. of Iohn in deede: howbeit, I made no exposition on it.
[Back to Top]Then sayd father Atwell, when you read it I sayd, þt you there might vnderstand how that in the Sacrament of the aultar is Christes very naturall body and bloud: vnto the whiche you aunswered, how that you would take the Scriptures as they are, & that you woulde medle with no great exposition, except that ye were dispensed withall.
[Back to Top]Ah, sayd the Vicar? MarginaliaW. Hunter examined of the Sacrament.what say you to the blessed sacrament of the aultar) beleuest thou not in it, and that þe bread and wyne is transubstantiated into the very body & bloud of Christ? William aunswered, I learne no such thing in þe vj. of Iohn, as you speake of. Why sayd the Vicar, doest thou not beleue in the Sacrament of the aultar? I beleue sayd William Hunter, all that Gods worde teacheth. why sayd the Vicar thou mayest learne this which I say plainly in the sixt of Iohn.
[Back to Top]Then sayd william, you vnderstand Christs words much like the carnall MarginaliaThe Catholickes lyke to the Capernaites.Capernaites,
Capernaite is a derogatory term for a believer in transubstantiation. The term is a reference to John 6: 52.
Now, quoth the Vicar, I haue found you out: nowe I see that thou art an hereticke in deede, and that thou doest not beleue in þe sacrament of the aultar.
Then sayd William Hunter, wheras you doubt my belyefe, I would it were tryed whether that you or I would stand faster in our faith. MarginaliaHeresie mistaken with the Papistes.Yea thou hereticke (sayd the Vicar) wouldest thou haue it so tryed? William Hunter aunswered, that which you call heresie, I serue my Lord God withall.
[Back to Top]Thē sayd the Vicar: canst thou serue god with heresie? But William aunswered, I woulde that you and I were euen nowe fast tyed to a stake, to proue whether that you or I would stand strongest to our fayth. But the Vicar aunswered: It shall not so be tryed. No quoth William, I thinke so: for if it might, I thinke I know who woulde soonest recant, for I durst set my foote agaynst yours euen to the death. That we shall see, quoth the Vicar, and so they departed, the Vicar threatnyng Willyam much, how that he would complayne of him: with much other communication which they had together.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaThe vicar complaineth to Iustice Browne of W. Hunter.Immediately after, this Vicar of Weild
I.e., vicar of the South Weald.