Marginalia1555. Maye.I beleue that the sacramentes, that is to say, of Baptisme and of the Lordes supperMarginaliaTwo sacramentes of the new testament. are seales of Gods moste mercyful promises towardes mankind. In Baptisme, as by the outward creature of water I am washed from the filthynes which hangeth on my flesh: so do I assuredly beleue, þt I am by christes bloud washed cleane frō my sinnes, through which I haue sure confidence of my certaine saluation. In the partaking of the Lordes supper, as I receiue the substāce of bread and wyne (the nature of whiche is to strengthen the body:) so doo I by faith receiue the redemption wrought in Christes body broken on the crosse, life by his death, resurrection by his resurrection, and in summe, all that euer Christ in his body suffered for my saluation, to the strengthenyng of my faith in the same. And I beleue that God hath appointed the eating and drinking of the creatures of bread and wyne in his holy supper accordyng to his word, to moue and to styrre vp my minde to beleue these articles aboue written.
[Back to Top]This is my fayth: this I do beleue, and I am content by Gods grace to confirme and seale the truth of the same with my bloud.
By me Iohn Warne.
The peace of God be with you.
MarginaliaA letter of M. Cardmaker to a certayne frend of his.YOu shall right wel perceiue, that I am not gone backe as some men do report me, but am as readye to geue my life, as any of my brethrē that are gone before me,
By this time, Cardmaker had clearly decided not to recant and was anxious to scupper reports that he had recanted. This letter enables Foxe to make it seem as though Cardmaker had never recanted.
MarginaliaA note concerning the talke betwene M. Cardmaker and Beard a Promoter.MAster Cardmaker being condemned, and in Newgate, one Beard a Promoter came to hym two or three daies before he was burned, and sayd vnto hym: Syr, I am sent vnto you by the Counsaile, to knowe whether ye wyll recant or no?
Cardmaker. From whiche Counsaile are ye come? I thinke ye are not come, nor yet sente from the Quenes Counsaile, but rather from the Commissioners, vnto whō (as I suppose) ye belong. And where as ye would know, whether I wyll recant or no, thus, I pray you, reporte of me, to those, whom ye said, sent you. I knowe you are a Taylor by your occupation, and haue endeuoured your selfe to be a connyng workeman, and therby to get your lyuyng: so I haue bene a Preacher these twentie yeares, and euer since that God by his great mercy hath opened myne eyes to see his eternal truth, I haue by his grace, endeuored my selfe to call vpon hym, to geue me the true vnderstanding of his holy word, & I thanke hym for his great mercy, I hope I haue discharged my conscience in the setting forth of the same, to that litle talent that I haue receiued.
[Back to Top]Beard. Yea sir, but what say you to the blessed sacrament of the aultar?
Card. I say, and marke it wel, that Christ the nyght before his bytter passion, ordeyned the holy and blessed Communion, and hath geuen commaundement, that his death should be preached before the receiuyng therof, in the remēbraunce of his body broken, and his precious bloud shed for the forgeuenes of our sinnes, to as many as faithfully beleue and trust in hym.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaThe sentence and iudgement of M. Cardmaker touching the sacrament.And furthermore, to conclude the matter briefly with hym, he asked of hym, whether the Sacrament he spake of, had a beginnyng, or no? Whereunto when he had graunted and affirmed the same to be, then maister Cardmaker againe thus inferred thereuppon: If the sacrament (saide he) as you confesse, haue a beginnyng, and an endyng, then it can not be God: for God hathe no begynnyng nor ending, and so wyllyng hym well to note the same, he departed from hym.
[Back to Top]There is some evidence that John Simpson was a more important figure among the Marian protestants then even Foxe realized. He had been one of the organizers of the Bocking conventicle, a major meeting of evangelicals from Kent, Essex and Suffolk during Edward VI's reign (see Freeman [2002], pp. 130-31). There are also a number of manuscript copies of a letter which Simpson wrote to followers in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex and Kent (BL, Lansdowne 389, fos. 144v-145v and 243r-v as well as ECL 260, fos. 47r-48v, 55r-v and 252v-253v). Interestingly, two other martyrs, John Denley and John Newman, were apprehended journeying from Kent to visit Simpson and Ardley in Essex.
[Back to Top]In the Rerum, however, Foxe confused John Simpson with another Marian martyr, Cuthbert Simpson (Rerum, p. 462). The Rerum also states that Simpson and Ardley were both burned on 11 June 1555 (the correct date is 10 June 1555) at Rochford and Rayleigh respectively (Rerum, p. 462). The Rerum (p. 462) also contains a story of a false rumour of a riot causing a panic at the condemnation of Ardley and Simpson which would be reprinted in every edition of the Acts and Monuments.
[Back to Top]Foxe added a great deal of material in his 1563 edition; in fact, all of the information Foxe printed on Ardley and Simpson appears in his first edition. In 1563, Foxe added the letter from Philip and Mary to Bonner, which was copied from Bonner's register. He also added the articles charged against the two martyrs, their answers and an account of their condemnation, all taken from a now lost official record. probably a court book. And in the appendix of the 1563 edition, Foxe added a short account of the defiance of Ardley and Simpson at their condemnation. This came from an eyewitness while the first edition was being printed.
[Back to Top]In the second edition, Foxe did not add any material but he rearranged it. First he placed the overall narrative of Ardley and Simpson in its proper chronological place. Then Foxe conflated the articles and answers of the two martyrs, and he moved the story of the defiance of the two martyrs at their condemnation from the appendix. This version of the account of Ardley and Simpson was printed unchanged in the third and fourth editions of the Acts and Monuments.
[Back to Top]WIth Maister Cardmaker and Iohn Warne, vppon the same day, & in þe same companye, and for the same
cause was also condemned Iohn Ardeley and Iohn Symson,
The usual narrative pointers are given in the glosses in this section, along with glosses giving summaries of the contents of articles alleged against the martyrs and their answers. As it often does, 1563 uses numbers in the margin to mark out the articles and the answers to them; this is in line with its generally (though not universally) less ambitious attitude to annotation in comparison with later editions. Two notes continue Foxe's campaign to portray Bonner as the slave to his passions: 'Q. Mary stirreth Boner to shedde innocent bloud' and 'A note of the sodaine fear of Boner'. The first of these is an interestingly unreserved comment on the role of the Queen in the persecutions: she is portrayed as the principal agent in the stirring up of Bonner, even though the letter was also from her husband.
[Back to Top]Foxe copied this letter from Bonner's register; see GL, 9531/12, fol. 363r.
MarginaliaThe king & Queenes letter to B. Boner.RIght reuerend father in God, right trusty and welbeloued, we grete you well. And where of late we addressed our letters to the Iustices of peace within euery of the Counties of this our Realme, wherby amongest other instructions geuen them for the good order and quiete gouernement of the Countrey about them, they are willed to haue a speciall regarde vnto such disordred persons, as forgetting their dueties towardes God and vs, doo leane to any erroneous and hereticall opinions, refusing to shewe them selues conformable to the Catholique Religion of Christes church: wherein if they can not by good admonitions and fayre meanes reforme them, they are willed to deliuer thē to the Ordinary, to be by him charitably trauailed withal, and remoued (if it may be) from their noughty opinions, or els if they continue obstinate, to be ordered according to the lawes prouided in that behalfe: vnderstanding now, to our no litle marueile, that diuers of the said disordred persons, being by the Iustices of the peace for their contempt & obstinanacie, brought to the Ordinaries
An ordinary was any person exercising authority by virtue of holy orders, in this case the bishop in charge of the diocese to which the accused person belonged. Philip and Mary were claiming that the bishops were failing to prosecute the heresy cases brought before them and were ordering their bishops to take a tougher line against them.
This letter thus commyng from the Courte to the Bishop, made hym the more earnest and hastye to the condemnation, as wel of others, as of these men, of whom nowe we haue presently to entreate, of Iohn Symson I meane, and Iohn Ardeley. MarginaliaIohn Ardeley and Iohn Symson both husbādmen in the towne of Wigborow.Whiche both being of one countrey, and of one towne together, and of one trade, that is, being both husbandmen in the towne of Wigborowe in Essex, and also almost both of one age, saue that Symson was of the age of 24. the other of. 30. were brought vp both together, by the vnder Sheriffe of Essex, to Boner Bishop of London, vpon the accusatiō (as in that time it was called) of heresie.
[Back to Top]As touching the order & maner of their examinations before the bishop, as the articles ministred against thē, were much like: so their answeres againe vnto þe same were not much discrepant in maner and forme, as out of the bishops owne Registers here foloweth expressed.
The articles and answers of Ardley and Simpson were taken from an official record of Bonner's which is now lost, probably a court book. Note that in the second edition Foxe conflated the two sets of identical articles and nearly identical answers.
MarginaliaArticles ministred agaynst Iohn Symson, & Iohn Ardeley.1. FIrst, that thou Ioh. Symson (or Ioh. Ardeley) husbandman, of the age of. 24. yeres, or thereabout, wast and art of the parish of great Wigborow, within the dioces of London, and thou hast not beleued, nor doest beleue that there is here in earth one Catholike and vniuersall whole Church, which doth hold & beleue all the fayth and Religiō of Christe and all the necessary articles and sacramentes of the same.
[Back to Top]2. Item, that thou hast not beleeued, nor doest beleeue, that thou art necessaryly bounden vnder the payne of damnation of thy soule, to geue full fayth and credence vnto the sayde Catholique and vniuersall Church, and to the Religion of the same, in al necessary pointes of the sayde fayth and Religion, without wauering or doubting in the sayde
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