Marginalia8. questions disputed by Ockam.of the Lord. 1326. who among other thinges wrote of the authoritie of the Byshop of Rome. In the which booke he handleth these. 8. questions very copiously: Whether both þ^e administrations of the Byshops office, and of the Emperours may be in one man. 2. Whether the Emperour taketh hys power and autoritie onely of God, or els of the pope. 3. Whether the Pope and Church of Rome haue power by Christ, to set and place kynges and Emperours, and to cōmit to them their iurisdiction to bee exercised. 4. Whether the Emperour being elected, hath full autoritie vpon the sayd his election, to administer hys empire. 5. Whether other kynges beside þ^e Emperour & kyng of Romaynes, in þ^t they are consecrated of priestes, receaue of them any part of their power. 6. Whether the sayd kynges in any case be subiect to their consecrators. 7. Whether if the sayde kynges should admit any new sacrifice, or should take to themselues the Diademe w^tout any further consecration, they shoulde therby lose their kyngly right and title. 8. Whether the seuē princes electors geue as much to the election of the Emperour, as succession rightfull geueth to other kynges. Vpon these questions he disputeth and argueth with sundry argumentes and sundry reasons on both sides, at length deciseth the matter on the part of the ciuill magistrate: and by occasion thereof, entreth into the mentiō of the popes decrees Extrauagant, declaring how litle force or regard is to be geuen therunto.

MarginaliaGregorius Ariminensis mainteineth the same doctrine now receaued.
Ex TrithemioTrithemius maketh mention of one Gregorious Ariminensis a learned and a famous and right godly man: who not much differing from the age of thys Ockam, about the yeare of our Lord. 1350. disputed in the same doctrine of grace and free wyll as we do now, and dissented therein from the Papistes and Sophisters, counting them worse then Pelagians.

MarginaliaAndreas de Castro, and Buridianus both gospellers 100. yeres ago.Of the like iudgement, and in the same tyme was also Andreas de Castro, as appeareth super lib. 1 Sentent. dist. 45 and Buridianus vpon the Ethiques of Aristotle: Which both, maintayned the grace of the Gospell, as is now in the Church receaued, aboue. 200. yeares since.

MarginaliaEudo duke of Burgundy against the popes decrees about. 200. yeres since.
Ex Charolo Molinæo.And what should I speake of the Duke of Burgundy named Eudo, who at the same tyme, an. 1350. disswaded the French kyng not to receaue in his land the new founde cōstitutions, decretall and Extrauagāt, within his realme: whose sage counsaile then geuen, yet remayneth among þ^e Frēch kings Recordes, as witnesseth Charol. Molinæus.

MarginaliaDantes an Italiā writer against the popeDantes an Italian writer a Florentine, lyued in the time of Ludouicus themperour, about the yeare of our Lord. 1300 and tooke his part with Marsilius Patauinus agaynst three sortes of men, which he sayd were enemyes to the truth: That is, the Pope: Secondly, the order of religious men, which count thēselues the children of þ^e church, when they are children of the deuill their father: Thirdly, the Doctors of decrees and decretals. Certaine of his writinges be extant abroad, wherein he proueth the Pope not to be aboue the Emperour, nor to haue any right or iurisdiction in the empyre. MarginaliaDonation of Constantine a thyng forged.He refuteth the Donation of Cōstantine to be a forged and a fayned thyng, as which neither did stand with any law or right. For the which, he was taken of many for an hereticke. He complayneth moreouer very much, the preaching of Gods word to be omitted: and in stede therof, the vayne fables of Monkes and Friers to be preached & beleued of the people: and so the flocke of Christ to be fed not with the foode of the Gospell, but with wynde. The Pope saith he, of a pastor is made a wolfe, to wast the Church of Christ, and to procure with his Clergie not the worde of God to be preached, but his own decrees. MarginaliaThe pope the whore of Babylō.In his canticle of purgatory, he declareth the Pope to be the whore of Babylon. And to her ministers, to some he applyeth ii. hornes: to some. iiii. As to the patriarches, whom he noteth to be the tower of the sayd whore Babilonicall. Ex libris Dantis Italice.

MarginaliaEx lib. Iornandi.
Pope AntichristHereunto may be added the saying out of the booke of Iornandus inprinted, with the foresayd Dantes: that forsomuch as Antichrist commeth not before the distruction of the Empire, therfore such as go about to haue the empire extinct, are foreiners and messengers in so doing of Antichrist. MarginaliaAn admonishiō to the Romanes.Therefore let the Romaynes (sayth he) and their Byshops beware, least their sinnes and wickednes so deseruing by the iust iudgement of God, the pristhood be taken from them. Furthermore, let all the prelates and princes of Germany take hede. &c.

MarginaliaTaulerus of Germany a preacher against the popes procedinges.And because oure aduersaryes which obiecte to vs the newenes of our doctrine, shall see the course and fourme of this religion now receaued, not to haue bene, eyther such a new thyng now, or a thyng so straunge in tymes past: I wyll adde to these aboue recited, maister Taulerus a preacher of Argentine in Germany. an. 1350. Who contrary to the Popes procedynges, taught openly agaynst all mens merits and agaynst inuocation of Saintes, and preached sincerely of our free iustification by grace referring all mās trust onely to the mercy of God, and was an enemy to all superstition.MarginaliaFranciscus petracha.

With whom also may be adioyned Franciscus Petrarcha, a writer of the same age, who in his workes and his Italian meter speakyng of Rome: MarginaliaVide. 20. epistolam Francisci petrarchæ
Rome the mother and schole of errour.calleth it the whore of Babylon, the schole and mother of errour, the temple of heresie, the nest of traychery growyng and increasing by the oppressing of others: and sayth farther that shee, (meanyng to the Popes Court) extolleth her selfe agaynst her founders that is, the Emperours, who first set her vp and did so enriche her: And seemeth playnly to affirme that the pope was Antichrist, declaring that no greater euill could happen to any man then to be made Pope. This Franciscus was about the yeare of our Lord. 1350.

MarginaliaIoannes de rupe scissa.And if time would serue vs to seeke out old histories, we should finde plenty of faithfull witnesses of old and auncient time, to geue witnesse with vs agaynst the Pope beside the other aboue rehearsed: as Ioannes de Rupe scissa an. 1340. MarginaliaIohn cast into prison.

Who for rebukyng the spiritualtie for their great enormities, and neglecting their office and duety, was cast in prison.MarginaliaChurch of Rome, the whore of Babilon.Iiliricus a writer in our dayes testifieth, that he found & read in an old Pamphlet, that the sayd Ioannes should call the Church of Rome, the whore of Babilon: and the Pope to be the minister of Antichrist, and the Cardinals to be the false Prophetes. Being in prison he wrote a booke of prophesies, bearyng the title: Vade mecum in tribulationem: in which booke (which also I haue sene) he prophesied & admonished affliction and tribulation to hang ouer the spiritualtie. MarginaliaThe reformatiō of the Church before prophesied.And pronounceth plainly that God will purge his Clergy, and will haue Priests that shalbe poore, godly, and that shall faythfully feede the Lordes flocke: moreouer, that the goods of the Church shall returne agayne to the lay mē. He prophesied also the same time, that the French king and his army should haue an ouerthrow. Which came likewise to passe during the time of his imprisonment. Of this Ioannes de rupe, writeth Froysard in his time, and also Wickliffe, of whose prophecies, more may be sayd at more leasure (Christ willing) hereafter.

MarginaliaCōradus Hager.About the same yeare of our Lord. 1340. in the Citie Herbipoli, was one named maister Conradus Hager. MarginaliaThe Masse to be no sacrifice.Who (as appeareth by the old Bulles and registers of Otho byshop of the sayd Citie) is there recorded, to haue mainteined and taught the space of xxiiii. yeares together, the Masse to be no maner of sacrifice: neither that it profiteth any man other quicke or deade, and that the money geuen of the dead for Masses, be very roberies & sacrilege of Priests, which they wickedly do intercept and take away from the poore. And sayd moreouer, that if he had a stooue full of gold and siluer, he would not geue one farthyng for any Masse. MarginaliaConradus cast in prison.For the same his doctrine, this good preacher was condemned and inclosed in prison: What afterward became vpon him, we do not finde.

MarginaliaEx bullis quibusdam Otthonis Epis. Herbipoli.There is among other old and auncient recordes of antiquitie belonging to this present tyme, a certaineMarginaliaPænitentiarius Asinimonumēt in verses Poetically compiled, but not without a certaine morall, intituled, Pænitentiarius Asini, the Asses confessor: bearing the date & yeare of our Lord in this nūber, Completus an. 1343. In this treatise be brought forth the wolfe, the foxe, & the Asse comming to shrift & doyng penaunce. First the wolfe cōfesseth him to the foxe who easely doth absolue him from all his faultes, and also excuseth him in the same. In like maner the wolfe hearyng the foxes shrift, sheweth to him the like fauour agayne. After this commeth the Asse to confession, whose fault was this: that he beyng hungery, tooke a straw out from the sheafe of one that went in peregrination vnto Rome. The Asse although repentyng of his fact, yet because he thought it not so heynous as the faultes of the other, the more he hoped for his absolutiō. But what folowed? After the sely Asse had vttered his crime in auricular cōfession, immediatly the discipline of the law was executed vpō him with all seueritie: neither was he iudged worthy of any absolution, but was apprehended vpon the same, slaine and deuoured. MarginaliaThe pope and his spiritualtie cōfederate agaynst the laitie.Who soeuer was the author of this fabulous tale, had a misticall vnderstandyng in the same, for by the wolfe no doubt was ment the Pope. But the foxe was resembled to the Prelates, Curtisans, Priestes, and reste of the spiritualtie. Of the spiritualtie, the Lord Pope is soone absoyled, as contrary, the Pope soone doth absoyle them in like maner. MarginaliaThe pope maketh the Emperour and lay mē Asses.By the Asse is ment the poore laitie, vpon whose backe the straite censure of the law is sharpely executed: especially when the Germane Emperours come vnder the Popes inquisition, to be examined by his disci-