10. Item, if any shall chaūce to dye in the iourney, that are souldiours vnder the sayd standard of the crosse, or els before the quarell by some meanes be finished: shall fully and wholy receiue the sayd grace, and shall be partakers of the foresayd remission and indulgence.
11. Item, he hath power to excommunicate, suspend, and interdict what persons soeuer be rebellious or disturbers of him in the executiō of his power and authoritie committed vnto him: of what dignitie, state, degree, preheminēce, order, place, or condition soeuer they shall be: whether they shalbe either of regall, quenely, or imperiall dignitie, or of what dignitie els soeuer either ecclesiasticall or mundane.
[Back to Top]12. Item, he hath power and authoritie to compell and inforce what religious persons soeuer, to appoint them and send them ouer Sea, if it seme good to him: yea although they be professours of the Friers mēdicants, for the execution of the premisses.
This is a copy of a plenary indulgence granted by Urban II to those who took part in Despenser's 'crusade'. Foxe is copying this from College of Arms MS Arundel 7 (see Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series 28, 2 vols. [London, 1863-4], II, pp. 79-80).
BY the authoritie Apostolicall to me in this behalfe committed, we absolue thee A. B. from all thy sinnes confessed with thy mouth, and beyng contrite with thy hart, and whereof thou wouldst be cōfessed if they came vnto thy memory: MarginaliaChristes passiō hath here no place. and we graunt vnto thee, plenary remission of all maner of sinnes, and we promise vnto thee thy part of the reward of all iust men, and of euerlastyng saluation. And as many priuilegies as are graunted to them that go to fight for the holy land, we graunt vnto thee: & of all the prayers & benefites of the Church the vniuersall Synode, as also of the holy Catholicke Church, we make thee partaker of.
[Back to Top]This account of Despenser's crusade is taken from College of Arms MS Arundel 7 (see Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series 28, 2 vols [London, 1863-4], II pp. 88-93. Foxe's concern throughout is to emphasize prelatical cruelty, not to supply a lucid narrative of military events. In a nutshell, in May 1383 Despenser won a victory over a French force near Dunkirk and he captured a number of towns in the area. During the summer he unsuccessfully besieged Ypres, losing a large number of his men. In August he rashly invaded Picardy but the arrival of a much larger French army under Charles VI forced him to surrender at Gravelines in mid September.
[Back to Top]John of Gaunt, the most powerful figure at court, opposed Despenser's expedition, preferring a campaign, to be led by himself, against French allies in Spain. Despenser was concerned that the king, under Gaunt's influence, was summoning him back to court to cancel his expedition.
From Grauenydg this warlike Byshop set forward to Dunkyrke, where not long after the Frenchmen meetyng with him, ioyned with them in battaile: in which battaile (if the story be true) xij. thousand of the Frenchmen were slayne in the chase, and of our men but seuen onely myssing. It would require a lōg tractatiō here to discourse all thyng done in these Popish warres. Also it would be no lesse ridiculous to vew & behold the glorious temeritie of this new vpstart captaine. But certes, lamētable it is to see the pityfull slaughter & murther of Christes people, by þe meanes of these pitylesse Popes, duryng these warres in Fraūce: As when the Byshop commyng from Dunkyrke to the siege of Ypres a great nomber of Englishemen there were lost, and much money consumed, and yet nothyng done in effect, to the great shame and ignominie of the Byshop. Agayne after the siege of Ypres (thus wyth shame broke vp) þe sayd Byshop proceedyng wyth a small power, to fight with the French kynges campe. contrary to the counsell of hys captaynes, which counted hym rash and vnskilfull in hys attempt, was fayne to breake company wyth them, wherby part of the army went vnto Burburgh, and the Byshop wyth hys part returned to Grauenidg, which both townes shortly after were besieged by the Freēch army, to the great losse both of the Englishe and French men. In fine, when the Byshop could kepe Grauenydg no longer, the sayd byshop wyth hys Crosies, crossing the seas, came home agayne as wise as he went, & thus makyng an end of thys Pontificall warre, we wyll returne agayne from whence we digressed, to the story and matter of Iohn Wickliffe.
[Back to Top]Which Iohn Wickliffe returnyng agayne
In the Commentarii (fo. 32r-v) and the Rerum (p. 15) Foxe wrote that Wiclif had probably been exiled, that he returned home and died in Lutterworth in 1387. Foxe repeated this in the 1563 edition (p. 98). Foxe was basing this on Bale - although significantly, Foxe was more tentative about the exile than Bale had been (See Bale, Summarium, fos. 155r and 157v). In fact, Wiclif had not been exiled and Foxe replaced this with an even more tentative passage in the 1570 edition. In the second edition, Foxe also corrected the date of Wiclif's death to 1384.
[Back to Top]Here is to be noted the great prouidence of the Lord in thys man, as in diuers other: whom the Lord so long preserued in such rages of so many enemies, from all their hādes, euen to hys olde age.MarginaliaWaldenus de Sacramentis. For so it appeareth by Thomas Walden, writyng agaynst him in hys tomes entituled: De Sacramentis contra Wicleuum, that hee was well aged before he departed: by that, which the foresayde Walden writeth of hym in the Epiloge, speaking of Wickliffe, in these wordes
Foxe is quoting this passage from John Bale's The Image of Both Churches (see The Select Works of John Bale, ed. Henry Christmas, Parker Society [Cambridge, 1849], p. 394).
Thys Wickliffe, had written diuers and sundry workes, the which in the yeare of our Lord 1410. were burnt at Oxford, the Abbot of Shrewsburye beyng then Commissary, and sent to ouersee that matter. And not onely in England, but in Boheme, lykewise the bookes of the sayd Wickliffe were set on fire
Foxe is quoting Bale (Summarium, fo. 157v), not Aeneas Silvius Picclomini, for the archbishop of Prague burning Wiclif's books.
Ioannes Cocleus in hys booke De historia Hussitarum, speakyng of the bookes of Wickliffe, testifieth: that he wrot very many bookes, sermons, and tractacions. Moreouer, the sayd Cocleus speakyng of hymselfe, recordeth also: that there was a certayne Byshop in England which wrote vnto hym, declaryng, that he had yet remayning in hys custody two huge and myghty volumes of I. Wickliffes workes, which for the quantitie thereof might seeme to be equal wyth the workes of S. Augustine. Hæc Cocleus.
[Back to Top]Amōgst other of his treatises I my self also haue found out certayne
In 1563, Foxe wrote a passage praising Bale for his work in recovering the works of Wiclif. In 1570 - the first edition of the Acts and Monuments printed after Bale's death - Foxe replaced this with a passage stating that he had discovered certain lost works of Wiclif. Of these, De veritate Scripturae was known to Bale, who had consulted the copy in Queens' College Cambridge (the Carmelite house in Cambridge where Bale had resided was just across the Cam). De Eucharistia confessio was part of the Fasciculii Zizaniorum which had belonged to Bale. There is a work by Wiclif titled De Ecclesia but this only survives in copies in Prague and Vienna. Foxe is probably referring to De fide catholica, which Bale referred to as De ecclesia catholica. In other words, Foxe was appropriating Bale's work. Interestingly, Foxe never compiled this projected collection of Wiclif's works.
[Back to Top]As concernyng certayne answeres of Iohn Wickliffe which he wrote to kyng Richard the 2. touchyng the right and title of the kyng, and of the pope: because they are but short, I thought here to annexe them. The effect whereof here foloweth.
Wiclif's response to questions put to him by Richard II and the Privy Council is taken from the Fasciculi Zizaniorum (see Bodley Library MS Musaeo e 86, fos. 66v-67v). Foxe omitted much of Wiclif's reply, largely because of Wiclif's insistence that he believed in purgatory (cf. Bodley Library MS Musaeo e 86, fos 67v-68r).
[Back to Top]