words of Hildegardis, Brigitte, and other prophetical men, hath these words: Si vera sint carmina & vaticinia D. Hildegardæ, & Brigittæ, Sybillarum Germaniæ, & Bardorū fatidicorū, qui ea quæ nostro æuo completo vidimus, longo ante tempore nobis cecinerunt: Agrippinensis Colonia, nolimus, velimus, Turcarum caput erit. &c.MarginaliaA prophesie. That is, if the sayinges and prophesies of Hildegarde, of Brigitte, and of other propheticall persons be true, which beyng foretold long before, we haue sene now in these our dayes accomplished: the towne of Colene will we, nill we, must needes be the head Citie of the Turkes. &c.
[Back to Top]And this I write not as one pronouncyng agaynst the Citie of Rome, what will happen, but as one fearyng what may fal. Which if it come to passe (as I pray God it do not) then shall the Pope well vnderstand, whether his wrong vnderstanding of the Scriptures, & his false flatteryng glosers vpon the same, haue brought him.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaA caueat to the bishop of Rome, if he be wise. Wherfore my counsaile is to the Pope, and all his Popish mainteyners and vpholders, to humble themselues, and to agree with their brethren by tyme, lettyng all contention fall: lest that while the Byshop of Rome shall striue to be the highest of all other Byshops, it so fall out shortly, that the Byshop of Rome shalbe founde the lowest of all other Byshops or peraduenture no Byshop at all.
[Back to Top]Whereunto also an other cause may be added, takē out of Hieronimus Sauonarola, who prophecieth
Foxe drew Savanorala's alleged prophecy from Matthias Flacius,Catalogus Testium Veritatis (Basel, 15620, p. 585.
MarginaliaEx Paulo Iouio. This Solymannus, if he be yet a lyue,
Süleyman I died on 6 September 1566.
And thus much concernyng the wretched tyranny of the Turkes out of the authours here vnder written.
MarginaliaAuthors of the Turkes stories
Laonicus Chalcondila. | Isiodorus Rutherus. |
Nicolaus Euboicus Epise. | Marinus Barletus. |
Saguntinus. | Henricus Penia |
Ioan. Ramus. | De bello Rhodio. |
Andræas a Lacuna. | Melchior Soiterus. |
Wolfgangus Drechslerus. | Paulus Iouius. |
Ioan. Crispus. | Ioan. Martinus Stella. |
Ioan. Faber. | Gaspar Peucerus. &c. |
Ludouicus Viues. | Nicolaus a Moffen |
Bernardus de Breyden- | Burgundus. |
bach. | Sebast. Munsterus. |
Mityleneus Archiepise. | Baptista Egnatius. |
Sabellicus. | Barthol. Peregrinus. |
This section of Foxe's account of the Turks consists of two parts: onedescribing Ottoman massacres and rapine during their wars and the other describingtheir harsh treatments of captives. This section may seem disgressive, but it links thethe history of the Turks which preceded it, and the exegesis of Biblical and extra-Biblical prophecies that follow it. The depiction of the Turks as persecutors is, asas Foxe's comments will reveal, absolutely central to his identification of the Ottoman Empire as Antichrist. This emphasis is also part of Foxe'smessage that even with the accession of Elizabeth to the throne, God's true churchwas being persecuted, as indeed it would be (in Foxe's view) until the imminent second coming of Christ.
[Back to Top]Apart from his quotation of an oration printed in Ortwin Gratius's com-pendium, Fasciculus rerum expetendarum ac fugiendarum (Cologne, 1535) and,of course, his own opinions, Foxe drew the material in this section from twobasic sources. The first was the collection of historical works printed in LaonicusChalkokondylas, De origine et rebus gestis Turcorum (Basel, 1556). The varietyof authors Foxe drew on from this work - including some such as the history ofChalkokondylas himself and the narrative of the German pilgrim Bernard ofBreydenbach, which he had previously used sparingly, or not at all - stronglysuggests that Foxe combed this compendium for particularly graphic stories ofTurkish cruelty. Foxe also relied heavily on the narrative of Batholomaeus Georgevits. He was a native of Transylvania, who had been captured by a Turkish raiding party. After eight attempts to escape, he finally succeeded in 1458. Some time thereafter, he entered the Dominican order, and, in his old age, wrote his memoirs, which also contained an account of Ottoman society and culture. This work, was published in numerous editions and translated into most major European languages. (Foxe probably originally came to know of Georgevits's work through theextensive excerpts of it printed in Theodore Bibliander's edition of the Koran). Foxewas quite selective in his use of Georgevits's accont. He repeated the Transylvanian'sstories of Ottoman abuse of their prisoners, but largely ignored Georgevits's accountsof Ottoman social and religious life.
[Back to Top]Thomas S. Freeman
University of Sheffield
MarginaliaPersecution vnder the turkes HEtherto thou hast heard (Christian Reader)
The beginning of this section, depicting the Turks, along with the Roman emperors and the papacy, as the great persecutors of the True Church isFoxe's own opinion.
MarginaliaThree speciall enemies of Christes Church. Thus from tyme to tyme the Church of Christ almost hath had litle or no rest in this earth, what for the heathen Emperours on the one side, what for the proude Pope on the other side, and on the third side what for the barbarous Turke: for these are and haue bene from the begynnyng, the three principall & capitall enemyes of the Church of Christ, signified in the Apocalips by the beast, the false Lambe, and the false Prophet, from whom went out three foule spirites like frogges, to gather together all the kynges of the earth to the battaile of the day of the Lord God almighty, Apocal. 16.
Rev. 16:13.
This is an excellent example of Foxe's emphasizing alleged Ottomancruelty as a means of depicting the Ottomans as diabolical or even the Antichrist.
Like as in the tyme of the first persecutions of the Romane Emperours, the saying was, that no mā could steppe with his foote in all Rome, but should tread vpon a Martyr: so here may be sayd, that almost there is not a towne, citie, or village in all Asia, Grecia, also in a great part of Europa, and Aphrica, whose streetes haue not flowed with bloud of the Christians, whō the cruell Turkes haue murthered. Of whom are to be sene in historyes,
All of the examples of Ottoman slaughter, from here down through thecapture of the island of Lesbos, are drawn from Marino Barleito's report to theVenetian senate on Turkish offensives in the Aegean, as excerpted in Laonicus Chalkokondylas, De origine et rebus gestis Turcorum (Basel, 1556), pp. 462-3. These examples came from an oration in Barleito's report which was purportedly made torouse the defenders of a city to resistance against the Turks.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaEx Marino Barlesso de Scedr. ex pugnat. lib. 2. So the Citizens of Croia, after they had yelded, & were all promised their lyues, were all destroyed and that horribly. In Mysia, after the kyng had geuen himselfe to the Turkes hād, hauyng promise of life, Mahumete the Turke slue him with his owne handes. The Princes of Rasia had both their eyes put out with basens redde hoate set before them. Theodosia, otherwise called Capha, was also surrendered to the Turke, hauyng the like assuraunce of lyfe and safetie: and yet cōtrary to the league, the Citizens were put to the sword and slayne. At the wynnyng & yeldyng of Lesbos, what a number of young men and children were put vpon sharpe stakes and poles, and so thrust through?MarginaliaEx Michael. Soitero. lib. 1. de Bello Pānonico. fol. 515. At the wynnyng of the Citie of Buda,
This anecdote is taken from the German historian Mechior Soiterus'saccount of the wars in Hungary, De bello Pannico, as excerpted in LaonicusChalkokondylas, De origine et rebus gestis Turcorum (basel, 1556), p. 514.
The like also is to be read in the story of Bernardus de Breydenbach,MarginaliaEx Bernardo de Breydenbach Decano Eccl. Magūt. who writyng of the takyng of Hydruntum, a Citie in Apulia, testifieth of the miserable slaughter, of the young men there slayne of old mē troden vnder the horse feete, of matrones & virgines rauished, of women with child cut & rent a peeces, of the Priestes in the Churches slayne, and of the Archbyshop of that Citie,MarginaliaThe superstitious vse of the materiall crosse. who beyng an aged mā and holdyng the crosse in his handes, was cut asonder with a woodden saw. &c.
Foxe is taking these stories of atrocities that allegedly took placewhen Otranto was sacked, from the narrative of Bernard of Breydenbach, a Germancleric and pilgrim to the Holy Land, as excerpted in Laonicus Chalkokondylas, Deorigine et rebus gestis Turcorum (Basel, 1556), p. 382.
Contrary to what Foxe claims, these accounts of rape and slaughter after the Turks took the island of Negroponte in 1470, do not come from Bernardof Breydenbach. They are instead from the work of the great Venetian historianMarco Antonio Sabellico, as excerpted in Laonicus Chalkokondylas, De origineet rebus gestis Turcorum (Basel, 1556), pp. 371-2.
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