1583 Edition | Book 8 | Page 1300 
Close(d. 1511) [ODNB sub Lollard women]
of Tenterden, Kent; taught Lollard beliefs by her husband; he and her sons provided evidence against her; burnt, aged over 60
Agnes Grebill denied the articles put to her, but was testified against by her husband and two sons. Although she was willing to repent and reform, she was condemned to burn. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1277.
Closeof Canterbury; abjured; witness against the Kent martyrs in 1511
Agnes Ive abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
Agnes Ive was a witness against William Carder and Robert Harrison. She had earlier abjured and was therefore was forced to testify or be in danger of relapse. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Closeof Tenterden, Kent; son of Agnes Grebill, witness against her; abjured 1511; given penance of bearing a faggot [N. P. Tanner in Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997)]
Christopher Grebill was a witness against William Carder and Robert Harrison. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Christopher Grebill abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
Christopher was called to testify against his mother, which he did. She was condemned to death. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Close(d. c. 1527) [Emden]
MA Oxford, BTh Oxford by 1493; DTh by 1512; vicar of St Mary's, Oxford 1488; rector of Brabourne, Kent, 1512; rector of St Mary Aldermary, London, (1521 - 26), retired due to paralysis; rector of Biddenden, Kent (1526 - 27); preached at Warham's visitation of Canterbury in 1511
William Carder, Agnes Grebill and Robert Harrison were tried for heresy in 1511 before William Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, Gabriel Sylvester, Thomas Wells and Clement Browne. All three were condemned to burn. 1570, pp. 1454-55; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, pp. 1276-77.
Close(1475 - 1559) [ODNB]
DCnL, DCL from Padua by 1505; diplomat; keeper of the privy seal (1523 - 30)
Bishop of London (1522 - 30); bishop of Durham (1530 - 52, 1553 - 59)
William Carder, Agnes Grebill and Robert Harrison were tried for heresy in 1511 before William Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, Gabriel Sylvester, Thomas Wells and Clement Browne. All three were condemned to burn. 1570, pp. 1454-55; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, pp. 1276-77.
After William Tyndale went to London, he tried to enter the service of Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of London, but was unsuccessful. 1570, pp. 1225-26; 1576, p. 1049; 1583, pp. 1075-76.
Thomas Wolsey, William Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, John Fisher, Nicholas West, John Veysey, John Longland, John Clerk and Henry Standish took part in the examination of Thomas Bilney and Thomas Arthur in 1527-28. Wolsey committed the hearing to Tunstall. 1563, pp. 461-78; 1570, pp. 1134-46; 1576, pp. 971-81; 1583, pp. 998-1008.
[Back to Top]Thomas Bilney wrote five letters to Tunstall. 1563, pp. 465-73; 1570, pp. 1140-47; 1576, pp. 977-81; 1583, pp. 1003-08.
Bilney initially refused to recant and asked to introduce witnesses; this request was refused by the bishop of London because it was too late in the proceedings. Bilney was given two nights to consult with his friends. 1563, p. 479; 1570, p. 1140; 1576, p. 977; 1583, p. 1003.
In 1526 Tunstall issued prohibitions to his archdeacons, calling in New Testaments translated into English and other English books. 1563, pp. 449-50; 1570, pp. 1157-58; 1576, pp. 990-91; 1583, pp. 1017-18.
Augustine Packington favoured William Tyndale, but pretended otherwise to Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of London, then in Antwerp. He offered to procure all the unsold copies of Tyndale's New Testament held by the merchants in the city if Tunstall would provide the money to buy them. Packington then paid Tyndale for the books, and Tyndale immediately had them reprinted. 1563, p. 443; 1570, pp. 1158-59; 1576, p. 991; 1583, p. 1019.
[Back to Top]Thomas Wolsey, having obtained large sums from the king's treasury, went to the French court to contribute to the ransom of Clement VII, hiring soldiers and furnishing the French army. He took with him Cuthbert Tunstall, William Sandys, the earl of Derby, Sir Henry Guildford and Sir Thomas More. 1563, p. 439; 1570, p. 1123; 1576, p. 962; 1583, p. 988.
[Back to Top]John Tewkesbury was examined before Cuthbert Tunstall, Henry Standish and John Islip. 1563, p. 490; 1570, p. 1165; 1576, p. 996; 1583, p. 1024.
After Richard Bayfield returned to England, he was arrested, tried by Cuthbert Tunstall and abjured. 1563, p. 484; 1570, p. 1161; 1576, p. 993; 1583, p. 1021.
Tunstall was translated to the see of Durham after Thomas Wolsey was deprived of office. 1570, p. 1130; 1576, p. 968; 1583, p. 994.
Tunstall swore an oath of allegiance to Henry VIII as head of the church. 1570, p. 1203; 1576, p. 1030; 1583, p. 1057.
Tunstall preached a sermon on Palm Sunday in front of King Henry in which he attacked the pope's claimed authority. 1570, pp. 1206-10; 1576, pp. 1033-36; 1583, pp. 1060-63.
Tunstall was one of the subscribers to the Bishops' Book. 1570, p. 1211; 1576, p. 1037; 1583, p. 1064.
Bishops Stokesley and Tunstall wrote a letter to Cardinal Pole in Rome, urging him to give up his support of the supremacy of the pope. 1563, pp. 613-20; 1570, pp. 1212-16; 1576, pp. 1037-42; 1583, pp. 1065-68.
Tunstall disputed with John Lambert at his trial before the king. 1563, p. 536; 1570, p. 1283; 1576, p. 1097; 1583, pp. 1123.
Tunstall was imprisoned in the Tower with Stephen Gardiner under Edward VI and Edward Seymour. 1563, p. 685; 1570, p. 1486; 1576, p. 1260; 1583, p. 1296.
Tunstall was a deponent in the case of Gardiner. 1563, pp. 828-29, 855.
CloseNotary
David Cooper was a notary at the trials of the Kent martyrs William Carder, Agnes Grebill and Robert Harrison in 1511. 1570, pp. 1454-55; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, pp. 1276-77.
Close(d. 1511) [N. P. Tanner in Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997)]
Cutler of Maidstone, Kent; ringleader of the Lollard group; held meetings in his house; martyr
John Browne and Edward Walker were condemned to burn for heresy in 1511 in Kent. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1277.
Close(d. 1512) [Emden]
BTh Cambridge; DTh 1500; vice-chancellor of University of Cambridge 1501; canon of Lichfield, canon of Chichester; member of the council of Lady Margaret, countess of Richmond c. 1503
William Carder, Agnes Grebill and Robert Harrison were tried for heresy in 1511 before William Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, Gabriel Sylvester, Thomas Wells and Clement Browne. All three were condemned to burn. 1570, pp. 1454-55; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, pp. 1276-77.
Closeof Rolvenden, Kent; wife of Thomas; abjured; witness against the Kent martyrs 1511
Joan Harwood abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
Close(d. 1511) [N. P. Tanner,'Penances Imposed on Kentish Lollards by Archbishop Warham, 1511-12', Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997), p. 233]
Burnt at Ashford; father of Richard Browne, near martyr; convicted of heresy in 1499, abjured
John Browne was sentenced to bear a faggot in 1504. 1570, p. 1480; 1576, p. 1255; 1583, p. 1293.
John Browne began debating with a priest in a barge going to Gravesend. The priest reported him to Archbishop Warham. He was apprehended on the day his wife was churched following childbirth when they were entertaining guests. He was taken to Canterbury, imprisoned and tortured. He was returned to Ashford the day before his burning and placed in the stocks. The following day he was burnt. 1570, p. 1480; 1576, p. 1255; 1583, pp. 1292-93.
[Back to Top]John Browne and Edward Walker were condemned to burn for heresy in 1511 in Kent. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1277.
Close(1467 - 1519) [ODNB]
Dean of St Paul's and founder of St Paul's School; had knowledge and use of Florentine Neoplatonism
Because of his excellence of learning, Richard Pace was considered a suitable successor to John Colet as dean of St Paul's. 1570, p. 1124; 1576, p. 962; 1583, p. 989.
Colet was described by John Lambert as having had a good reputation among the people. 1563, p. 566; 1570, p. 1276; 1576, p. 1091; 1583, p. 1117.
Colet was one of those listed by Foxe as having been falsely accused of heresy 1570, p. 1439; 1576, p. 1227; 1583, p. 1257.
Closeof Tenterden, Kent; son of Agnes Grebill, witness against her; abjured 1511, aged 21; given a lighter penance than the others [N. P. Tanner in Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997)]
John Grebill was a witness against William Carder. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
John Grebill abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
John was called to testify against his mother, which he did. She was condemned to death. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
CloseWeaver of Tenterden, later of Benenden, Kent; husband of Agnes Grebill; taught her, witness against her; abjured 1511; sentenced to perpetual imprisonment in the Augustinian priory at Bilsington, Kent [ODNB sub Lollard women; N. P. Tanner in Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997)]
[Back to Top]John Grebill abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
John Grebill was called to testify against his wife, which he did. She was condemned to death. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1277.
CloseLaurence Cheterden was a witness against the Kent martyrs in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1277.
Closeof Rolvenden, Kent; abjured; witness against the Kent martyrs 1511
Philip Harwood abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
Philip Harwood was a witness against John Browne and Edward Walker. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Close(c. 1450 - 1511) of Halden, Kent; martyr
Robert Harrison, Agnes Grebill and William Carder were condemned to burn for heresy in 1511 in Kent. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1277.
Closeof Tenterden, Kent; abjured 1511; in Maidstone conventicles[thomson]; penance of bearing faggot; witness against Kent martyrs [N. P. Tanner in Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997); Thomson]
Robert Hilles abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
Hilles was a witness against William Carder. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Closeof Benenden, Kent; witness against the Kent martyrs 1511
Robert Riegnold abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
Riegnold was a witness against John Browne and Edward Walker. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Closeborn c. 1488; cutler of Tenterden, Kent; suspect and witness in Kent heresy trials; abjured 1511; sentenced to perpetual imprisonment in the Augustinian priory, Leeds [R. G. A. Lutton; N. P. Tanner in Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997)]
Steven Castelyn abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
Castelyn was a witness against William Carder, John Browne and Edward Walker. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Closeof Rolvenden, Kent; abjured; witness against the Kent martyrs 1511
Thomas Harwood abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
Thomas Harwood was a witness against John Browne and Edward Walker. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
CloseProsecutor of Kent martyrs in 1511
William Carder, Agnes Grebill and Robert Harrison were tried for heresy in 1511 before William Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, Gabriel Sylvester, Thomas Wells and Clement Browne. All three were condemned to burn. 1570, pp. 1454-55; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, pp. 1276-77.
Close(d. by November 1522) [Emden]
BCL Oxford by 1482; DCnL by 1492; dean of arches 1513; official of the court of Canterbury (1520 - 22); JP Gloucester (1496 - 99)
Thomas Woodington was a persecutor of the Kent martyrs in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1277.
Closeof Cranbrook; witness against the Kent martyrs; confessed to reading to a group from the gospels in English [R. G. A. Lutton in Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997)]
William Baker abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
Baker was a witness against John Browne and Edward Walker. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Close(d. 1511) [R. G. A. Lutton in Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997)]
b. Lincolnshire; weaver of Tenderden, Kent; one of the ringleaders among the Lollards there; others were given penances of watching him burn; martyr
William Carder, Agnes Grebill and Robert Harrison were tried for heresy in 1511 before William Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, Gabriel Sylvester, Thomas Wells and Clement Browne. Warham had brought in witnesses who had already abjured and would therefore tell everything they knew lest they be found guilty of relapse. All three were condemned to burn. 1570, pp. 1454-55; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, pp. 1276-77.
[Back to Top]William Carder, although he was willing to recant and repent, was condemned. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Closeof Godmersham, Kent; abjured; witness against the Kent martyrs 1511
William Olbert abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
William Olbert was a witness against Robert Harrison. He had earlier abjured and was therefore was forced to testify or be in danger of relapse. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
CloseNotary
William Potkyng was a notary at the trials of the Kent martyrs William Carder, Agnes Grebill and Robert Harrison in 1511. 1570, pp. 1454-55; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, pp. 1276-77.
Closeof Benenden, Kent; present at meetings at John Bampton's house 1509-10; abjured; witness against Kent martyrs [R. G. A. Lutton in Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages, M. Aston and C. Richmond (eds.) (New York, 1997)]
William Riche abjured in Kent in 1511. 1570, p. 1455; 1576, p. 1241; 1583, p. 1278.
William Riche was a witness against William Carder and Robert Harrison. He had earlier abjured and was therefore was forced to testify or be in danger of relapse. 1570, p. 1454; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, p. 1276.
Close(c. 1450 - 1532) [ODNB]
Studied at Oxford; lawyer in Oxford and London; diplomat
Bishop of London (1502 - 04); keeper of the great seal (1502 - 04); archbishop of Canterbury (1504 - 32); lord chancellor (1504 - 15); chancellor of the University of Oxford (1506 - 32)
William Carder, Agnes Grebill and Robert Harrison were tried for heresy in 1511 before William Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, Gabriel Sylvester, Thomas Wells and Clement Browne. All three were condemned to burn. Warham had brought in witnesses who had already abjured and would therefore tell everything they knew lest they be found guilty of relapse. 1570, pp. 1454-55; 1576, p. 1240; 1583, pp. 1276-77.
[Back to Top]Thomas Wolsey caused his cardinal's hat, when it arrived, to be taken back to Dover so that the archbishop of Canterbury could greet it. 1570, p. 1124; 1576, p. 962; 1583, p. 989.
Warham was one of the supporters of Queen Catherine before the papal legates considering the matter of the divorce. 1563, p. 458; 1570, p. 1193; 1576, p. 1022; 1583, p. 1050.
In a letter to Juan de Vergara, Erasmus of Rotterdam described how, after the downfall of Thomas Wolsey, Warham was offered the chancellorship but declined due to his advanced years. 1570, p. 1130; 1576, p. 968; 1583, p. 994.
Thomas Hitten was imprisoned by Archbishop Warham and Bishop Fisher, tortured and then burnt at Maidstone. 1570, p. 1134; 1576, p. 971; 1583, pp. 997-98.
Thomas Wolsey, William Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, John Fisher, Nicholas West, John Veysey, John Longland, John Clerk and Henry Standish took part in the examination of Thomas Bilney and Thomas Arthur in 1527-28. 1563, pp. 461-78; 1570, pp. 1134-46; 1576, pp. 971-81; 1583, pp. 998-1008.
William Tracy's will was sent to the Archbishop Warham to be proved. It contained reformed sentiments, and Warham brought it to the convocation. Tracy's body was exhumed and burnt. 1570, p. 1185; 1576, p. 1015; 1583, p. 1042.
John Lambert was brought from Antwerp to London, where he was examined before Archbishop Warham and others. Forty-five articles were put to him which he answered. Warham then died and Lambert was unbothered for a time. 1563, pp. 528, 533-69; 1570, pp. 1255-80; 1576, pp. 1075-1095; 1583, pp. 1101-21.
CloseA parish in the hundred of Chart and Longbridge, lathe of Scray, county of Kent. 20 miles south-east by east from Maidstone. The living is a vicarage in the Archdeaconry and Diocese of Canterbury.
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
[Back to Top]
Close[Benynden; Beninden]
Kent
OS grid ref: TQ 805 325
CloseAn ancient city and county of itself, having separate jurisdiction. Locally in the hundred of Bridge and Petham, lathe of St. Augustine, eastern division of the county of Kent. 26 miles south-east by east from Rochester. The city comprises the parishes of All Saints, St. Alphege, St. Andrew, St. George, The Holy Cross, St. Margaret, St. Martin, St. Mary Bredman, St. Mary Bredin, St. Mary Magdalene, St. Mary Northgate, St. Mildred, St. Peter and St. Paul, all in the Diocese of Canterbury, and with the exception of St. Alphege and St. Martin within the Archdeaconry of Canterbury. The living of All Saints is a rectory with St. Mary in the Castle and St. Mildred attached; St. Alphege is a rectory exempt, united with the vicarage of St. Mary Northgate; St. Andrew is a rectory with St. Mary Bredman annexed; St. George is a rectory with St. Mary Magdalene annexed; St. Martin's is a rectory exempt with St. Paul's annexed; St. Peter's is a rectory with Holy Cross annexed; St. Mary Bredin is a vicarage; and St. Margaret's is a donative in the patronage of the Archdeacon
[Back to Top]English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
[Back to Top]
Close[Charlago]
Tunisia
Coordinates: 36° 53' 12" N, 10° 18' 53" E
CloseA parish in the hundred of Cranbrook, lathe of Scray, county of Kent. 14 miles south by east from Maidstone. 40 miles south-east by east from London. The living is a vicarage in the Archdeaconry and Diocese of Canterbury
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
[Back to Top]
CloseKent
OS grid ref: TR 065 505
CloseKent
OS grid ref: TQ 895 375
CloseA borough and parish, having separate jurisdiction, locally in the hundred of Maidstone, lathe of Aylesford, county of Kent, of which it is the county town. 8 miles south from Rochester. The living is a perpetual curacy in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury
English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
[Back to Top]
Close[Rowenden; Roluenyden]
Kent
OS grid ref: TQ 845 315
CloseA parish within the Cinq Ports Liberty, having separate jurisdiction, although locally in the hundred of Tenterden, Lathe of Scray, county of Kent. 18 miles south-east by South from Maidstone, 53 miles south-east by east from London. The living is a vicarage in the Archdeaconry and Diocese of Canterbury.
[Back to Top]English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
[Back to Top]to his glory. Therefore as you will escape the eternal death, be no more seduced with the lies of Priests, Monkes, Friers, Priours, Abbots, Bishops, and the rest of the secte of Antichrist, but depend onely vpon Iesus Christ and hys mercy, that ye may be deliuered from condemnation. All that while there was great mourning and lamentation of the multitude, for they perceiuing his patience, stoutenes, and boldnes, constancie, and hardines,MarginaliaThe constāt hardines of W. Mylle. were not only moued and stirred vp, but their harts also were so inflamed, that MarginaliaW. Mylle the last Martyr in Scotland.he was the last Martyr that dyed in Scotland for the Religion. After hys prayer, he was hoysed vp on the stake, and being in the fire, he sayd: Lorde haue mercy on me: Pray people while there is time, and so constantly departed.
[Back to Top]
Non nostra impietas aut actæ crimina vitæ
Armarunt hostes in mea fata truces.
Sola fides Christi sacris signata libellis,
Quæ vitæ causa est, est mihi causa necis.
After this, by the iust iudgement of God, in the same place where Walter Mille was burnt, the Images of the great Church of the Abbey, which passed both in number and costlines, were burnt
CloseThis took place after John Knox's first sermon in St. Andrews on 13 June 1559. David Laing (ed), The Miscellany of the Wodrow Society, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1844), p. 60
And thus much concerning such matters as happened, and such Martirs as suffered in the Realme of Scotland for the faith of Christ Iesus, and testimonie of hys truth.
IN reuoluing the MarginaliaEx Regist. W. Warrham Archiepisc. Cant.Registers of William Warrham
CloseAs Foxe indicates, his source for this section is the register of Archbishop William Warham of Canterbury. These documents survive as Lambeth Palace Library, Warham Register, fos. 159r-175v and they are printed in Kent Heresy Proceedings,1511-12, ed. Norman P. Tanner. Kent Records 26 (Maidstone, 1997). Foxe's reprinting of several of these documents is not always accurate, as he occasionally concealed the opinions of those Lollards of which he disproved (such as some of the opinions of William Carder, Agnes Grebil, John Browne and Edward Walker). Foxe had two objectives in reprinting these documents. The first was to demonstrate that there was a 'True Church' before Luther (he declares this as one of his main purposes in supplying accounts of the Lollard martyrs). The second objective was to emphasize the cruelty of the Catholic clergy in persecuting these people, most especially Agnes Grebil (whose husband and children testified against her, for which act he blames the Catholic clergy). Foxe's concern to emphasis this cruelty is so great that - in contrast to his general policy throughout the A&M - he exaggerates the contrition and compliance of these Lollards, in order to heighten the savagery of the Catholic churches (he does this with the Lollards Carder, Harryson and Alice Grevil).
[Back to Top]Thomas S. Freeman
CloseThe fact that this material appears out of chronological order in the A&M in Foxe is a compelling indication that this material was being transcribed and translated while the 1570 edition was being printed.
| MarginaliaMartirs in Kent before the tyme of M. Luther.Persecuters and | Accusers and | The Mar- |
| Iudges | witnesses. | tyrs. |
| Willyam Rich of | Williem Carder, of | |
| Wyllyam War- | Benynden. | Tenderden, wea- |
| rham Archbi- | Agnes Iue, of | uer. |
| shop of Caun- | Canterbury. | |
| terbury. | Robert Hilles, | |
| of Tenterden. | ||
| Steuen Castelyn | Agnes Grebill, of | |
| D. Cutbert Ton- | of Tenterden. | Tenterden, wife |
| stall, Doctour | Io. Grebill of | of Iohn Grebill |
| of both lawes, | Tenterden, hus- | the elder, and mo- |
| and Chaunce- | band to Agnes | ther to Iohn and |
| lour of the | Grebill the Mar- | Christoph. Gre- |
| Archbyshop. | tyr. | bill, who with her |
| Christopher | own husband ac- | |
| Grebill the na- | cused hir to death, | |
| D. Syluester, | turall sonne of | being of threscore |
| Lawyer. | Agnes Grebill | yeare of age. |
| the Martyr. | ||
| D. Wellys. | Io. Grebill the | |
| yonger, the na- | ||
| Doctour Cle- | turall sonne of | Rob. Harrison of |
| ment. | Agnes Grebill | Halden, of the age |
| the Martyr. | of lx. yeares. | |
| Browne. | Wil. Oldbert of | |
| Godmersham. | ||
| Doctor Iohn | Laur. Cheterdē | |
| Collet, Deane | Tho. Harwood | Iohn Browne, of |
| of Paules.
Close This is the same John Colet whom Foxe had praised as a proto-Protestant reformer of the Church (although it should be emphasized that Colet was, contrary to Foxe's implications, an orthodox Catholic). Thr late insertion of this material into Foxe's text (as indicated by the fact that the material mentioned in the previous comment appears out of chronological order in the A&M , which is a compelling indication that this material was being transcribed and translated while the 1570 edition was being printed), probably hindered Foxe from noting this discrepancy. [Back to Top] | of Rowenden. | Ashford. |
| Ioane Harwood | ||
| Doctour Wo- | his wife. | |
| dyngton
Close This is the same Dr Thomas Woodington whom Foxe has already claimed earlier in the A&M as having been killed by a bull before 1509. In fact, Thomas Woodington, far from being slain by a bull in the reign of Henry VII, rose to become Dean of the Arches in 1513 and died around 1522 (Emden A). | Phill. Hardwod. | |
| Williā Baker of | Edward Walker of | |
| Cramebroke. | Maidstone, Cut- | |
| Edw. Walker. | ler. | |
| Robert Reinold, | ||
| of Benynden. |
CloseFoxe is conflating the virtually identical charges made against William Carder, Agnes Grebil, John Browne and Edward Walker (see Kent Heresy Proceedings, 1511-12, ed. Norman P. Tanner. Kent Records 26 (Maidstone, 1997),pp. 2-3, 8-9, 16-17, 43-44 and 50-51). But Foxe omits two articles that appeared in each of these lists of charges. The first was the legally required article asking if the defendant was from the diocese where the trial was being held. The second was a charge that the various defendants denied that baptism was essential for salvation (Kent Heresy Proceedings, pp. 2, 8, 16, 44 and 50).
[Back to Top]MarginaliaEx Regist. W. Warham.FIrst, for holdinge that the sacrament of the aulter was not the very true bodye of Christ, but onely materiall bread in substaunce.
CloseThe clause 'but only material bread in substance' is not found in the register and was added by Foxe.
2. That auricular confessiō was not to be made to a priest.
3. That no power is geuen of God to Priestes of minystring sacramentes, saying Masse, or other Diuine seruice, more then to lay men.
CloseNote how Foxe, in a marginal note, qualifies and 'explains' this charge.
4. That the solemnisation of Matrimony is not necessary to saluation of soule, neyther was instituted of God
CloseNote how Foxe, in a marginal note, qualifies and 'explains' this charge.
5. That the sacrament of extreme vnction is not auaileable, nor necessary to soules health
CloseInterestingly, Foxe modifies the charge, which actually alleged that the defendant regarded pilgrimages and relics as damnable.
6. That the Images of the crosse, of the crucifixe of þt blessed virgin and other Saintes, are not to be worshipped: & that they which worship them, do commit Idolatry.
7. That pilgrimages to holy places and holy Reliques be not necessary, nor meritorious to soules health.
8. That inuocation is not to be made to sayntes, but onely to God, and that he onely heareth theyr prayers.
9. That holy bread and holy water haue no more vertue after their consecration, then before.
10. That they haue beleued, taught & holden all and euery of the same damnable opinions before: as they did at that present.
11. That where they nowe haue confessed theyr erroures, they would not haue so dne, but onely for feare of manyfest proufes brought agaynst them, eyther els but for feare to be conuicted by them, they would neuer haue confessed þe same of theyr owne accord.
12. That they haue commoned and talked of the sayd damnable errours heretofore with diuers other persons and haue had bookes concerning the same.
MarginaliaThe processe of iudgement agaynst W. Carder Martyr.WIlliam Carder being conuēted before William Warrhā Archbishop, and his Chancellour Cutbert Tonstal, Doctour Siluester, Doctor Welles, Clement Browē with other moe, the Notaries being William Potkyng and Dauid Cooper, the Articles and interrogatoryes a-aboue specified were layd vnto him. Which articles he ther and then denied, affirming that he neuer did, nor doth hold any such opinions, otherwise then becommeth that euerye Christen man shoulde doe, ready to conforme hymselfe in all poyntes to their doctrine: & therfore to cleare himselfe þe better gaynst those Interrogatories obiected against them he stood in denyall of the same. The like also did euerye of the other foure martyrs after hym.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaThe straight dealing of W. Warham Archbyshop of Canterbury.All whiche notwithstanding, the vncharitable Archbyshop seeking all aduauntage agaynst him that he might, & more then right law would geue, brought in agaynst hym such witnesses, as before were abiured, whom he knew for feare of relapse, durst doe none other but disclose whatsoeuer they knew, to wit, MarginaliaWitnesses agaynst W. Carder.Christopher Grebyll, William Rich Agnes Iue, Iohn Grebill, Robert Hils, & Stephen Castelyn. Whose depositions being taken, and the sayd Carder being asked what he could say for hymselfe, hee had nothing, he sayd, to produce agaynst theyr attestations, but submitted him vnto theyr mercye, saying moreouer, that if he had euer any misbeliefe of the sacrament of the Church, contrary to the common holding of the Catholickes, hee now was sory, & repented him therof. Which being done, þe archb. this his submission notwtstanding, & notwithstanding that þe Register maketh no mention of any relapse, cōtrary to good law, at least contrary to all Christen charity proceeded to the reading of his blinde sentence, and so condemned him: who neyther stoode stubbernely to that whiche he did hold, neither yet did hold any thinge contrary to the mind of holy scripture, to the execution of burning.
CloseFoxe exaggerates Carder's contrition. Carder did not deny the charges against him and he said that if he misunderstood anything contrary to Catholic faith, then he was sorry. He then declared that nothing he had been charged with was contrary to the Catholic faith (Kent Heresy Proceedings, 1511-12, ed.Norman P. Tanner, Kent Records 26. (Maidstone, 1997), p. 14).
[Back to Top]Then after him was called for Agnes Grebill, and examined of the sayd xii. articles aboue recited, whiche she in like maner denyed, as the other had done before, puttyng her aduersaries to ther proof. Then the archbishop calling for Iohn Grebyll her husband, and Christopher and Ioh. Grebyll her two sonnes (who before had bene abiured) caused them vppon theyr othe to depose agaynst theyr owne naturall mother, and so they did.
[Back to Top]First Iohn Grebell the elder her husband, examined by vertue of hys othe, to say how Agnes his wife hath and doth beleue of the sacrament of the aultar, of going in pilgrimage, offeringes, and worshipping of Sayntes, Images &c. and how long she hath so holdē, thus deposed: that first about the end of king Edwardes dayes the fourth,
CloseEdward IV died in April 1483; this statement was made in 1511. Agnes Grebill and her circle were Lollards of long standing.