1583 Edition | Book 2 | Page 130 
Close(c. 340 - 397) [Catholic Encyclopedia]
Bishop of Milan (374 - 397); doctor of the church
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, pp. 15, 20, 56, 91, 128, 131, 146; 1576, pp. 12, 16, 35, 63, 92, 95, 102, 108; 1583, pp. 12, 16, 35, 63, 91, 94, 101, 107.
CloseLegendary king of Colchester [ODNB sub Helena]
According to Henry of Huntingdon, the father of St Helena
Coel was said to have founded Colchester and to have been the father of Lucius, the legendary king of Britain during the Roman occupation. 1570, p. 146; 1576, p. 108; 1583, p. 107.
Close(161 - 192) [D. Quinn www.roman-emperors.org]
Son of Marcus Aurelius; co-emperor with his father (178 - 80)
Roman emperor (180 - 192); murdered
Commodus caused difficulties for the senate, but was not a persecutor of Christians. 1570, pp. 39, 75; 1576, pp. 31, 51; 1583, pp. 31, 51.
Close(d. 797) [L. Garland www.roman-emperors.org]
Only child of emperor Leo IV and Irene; co-emperor with Leo (776 - 80)
Byzantine emperor (780 - 97x805) (sole power from 790, although Irene ruled); blinded in 797 by Irene's supporters
Constantine was imprisoned by his mother, Irene. She then had him blinded, and he died shortly after. 1570, p. 176; 1576, p. 133; 1583, p. 132.
Close(d. 258) [Catholic Encyclopedia]
Teacher of rhetoric; bishop of Carthage (249 - 58); there was opposition and schism in his see. Early Christian writer; in conflict with Pope Stephen I over the efficacy of baptism by heretics; executed
Cyprian was born in Carthage, grew up a pagan and became a skilled rhetorician. He was converted by a priest and baptised. Not long after he became a priest, he was made bishop of Carthage. 1570, p. 98; 1576, p. 69; 1583, p. 69.
Cyprian was called 'papas' or 'father'. 1570, p. 11; 1576, p. 8; 1583, p. 8.
Cyprian favoured the rebaptism of those baptised by heretics; in this he disagreed with Pope Stephen. 1570, p. 101, 1576, p. 71, 1583, p. 71.
Cyprian complained that many of the faithful, without having been subjected to any torture, through cowardice voluntarily agreed to sacrifice to the gods. 1570, p. 92; 1576, p. 64; 1583, p. 64.
Novatian was a priest under Cyprian in Carthage, where he appointed Felicissimus deacon without Cyprian's knowledge and stirred up factions. Novatian opposed the reinstatement of lapsed Christians. 1570, p. 93; 1576, p. 65; 1583, p. 64.
Cyprian was banished from Carthage during the reign of Gallus due to sedition within the church there. 1570, p. 95; 1576, p. 66; 1583, p. 66.
Cyprian returned from exile in the reign of Valerian. 1570, p. 99; 1576, p. 70; 1583, p. 69.
Cyprian received visions warning him of the persecution of Valerian. He wrote an Apology in defence of the Christians. 1570, p. 97; 1576, p. 68; 1583, p. 68.
He was banished a second time. When he refused to sacrifice to the gods, he was beheaded. 1570, p. 99; 1576, p. 70; 1583, p. 69.
Foxe discusses his writings. 1570, pp. 99-101; 1576, pp. 70-71;1583, pp. 69-71.
Constantine fulfilled Cyprian's vision of a time of peace for the church. 1570, p. 144; 1576, p. 106; 1583, p. 105.
CloseLegendary missionary sent by Pope Eleutherius to King Lucius of Britain
Damian was one of two missionaries sent at the request of King Lucius and who converted him. 1570, pp. 78, 146; 1576, pp. 53, 108; 1583, pp. 53, 107.
CloseLegendary missionary sent by Pope Eleutherius to King Lucius of Britain
Fugatius was one of two missionaries sent at the request of King Lucius and who converted him. 1570, pp. 78, 146; 1576, pp. 53, 108; 1583, pp. 53, 107.
Close(236/7 - 316) [R. W. Mathisen www.roman-emperors.org]
Roman emperor (284 - 305), succeeding Carus's son, Numerian, in the east; controlled the whole empire after the death of Carinus, Carus's younger son, in 285. Introduced tetrarchy; enforced imperial cult; abdicated.
Declined an offer to take the throne in 308; died at Split.
Diocletian came to the throne with the support of the troops. 1570, p. 108; 1576, p. 77; 1583, p. 76.
Having accused Aper of killing Numerian, Diocletian killed him with his sword in front of the troops. 1570, p. 109; 1576, p. 78; 1583, p. 77.
Diocletian commanded that he be worshipped as a god. 1570, p. 109; 1576, p. 78; 1583, p. 77.
Diocletian introduced the most severe persecution of the Christians. The persecution began with the destruction of churches and books of scripture. 1570, pp. 39, 109-111; 1576, pp. 31, 78-79; 1583, pp. 31, 77-79.
He went on use threats and imprisonment, and eventually he devised a great variety of tortures and methods of execution. 1570, pp. 112-14; 1576, pp. 80-81; 1583, pp. 79-81.
Diocletian abdicated and, having heard of the edict of Constantine and Licinius granting freedom of worship to Christians, died. 1570, p. 121; 1576, p. 87; 1583, p. 86.
Close(d. 1154/5) [ODNB]
Historian; bishop of St Asaph (1151 - 54/5); wrote History of the Kings of Britain
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, pp. 146, 160, 161; 1576, pp. 108, 120, 121; 1583, pp. 107, 119, 120.
Close(c. 329 - 390) Greek church father; theologian and rhetorician
Patriarch of Constantinople (379 - 81) [Gams]; Eastern Orthodox saint
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 98; 1576, p. 69; 1583, p. 69.
Close(c . 1020 - 1085 [Kelly]
Benedictine monk; treasurer of Roman church; archdeacon of Roman church 1059; chancellor of the see of Rome; pope (1073 - 85)
Hildebrand approached the emperor, Henry III, to nominate Gebhard of Dollnstein-Hirschberg as pope after the death of Leo IX. 1563, p. 12.
Hildebrand was sent as papal legate to France. He brought Berengar of Tours before a council at Tours. 1570, p. 1311; 1576, p. 1121; 1583, p. 1147.
Hildebrand supported the election of Alexander II and persuaded the imperial ambassador Anno to support him. 1563, p. 14.
Hildebrand fought for Alexander II against Cadalous (Honorius II). 1570, p. 1312; 1576, p. 1122; 1583, p. 1148.
Foxe records that Alexander II repented not having the emperor's consent to his election, and that Hildebrand imprisoned and deposed Alexander. In fact, Hildebrand remained Alexander's chancellor and supporter until his death. 1563, p. 14; 1570, p. 6; 1576, p. 5; 1583, p. 5.
Berengar of Tours recanted at a council in Rome under Gregory VII. 1570, p. 1311; 1576, p. 1121; 1583, p. 1147.
At the time of Gregory VII's synod in Rome, Henry IV held the right to invest archbishops, bishops and abbots. Gregory decreed that all those invested by the emperor had obtained their offices through simony. He decreed that all simonical clergy and those with wives were to be shunned. 1570, p. 1319; 1576, p. 1128; 1583, p. 1153.
[Back to Top]Opposition to clerical marriage increased greatly under Gregory VII. 1570, p. 1329; 1576, p. 1134; 1583, p. 1163.
Gregory VII deposed Emperor Henry IV. 1570, p. 7; 1576, p. 6; 1583, p. 6.
CloseTaught philosophy in Bologna in (1351 - 52); writer and historian
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, pp. 68, 78, 80, 86, 98, 104, 110, 146; 1576, pp. 40, 45, 53, 55, 60, 69, 74, 79, 108; 1583, pp. 40, 45, 53, 55, 59, 69, 74, 78, 107.
Close(d. 310) [M. Di Maio www.roman-emperors.org]
Soldier; Roman emperor (286 - 305); elevated by Diocletian to rule in the West; made to abdicate with Diocletian
Attempted to depose his son Maxentius in 308; proclaimed himself emperor in 310; imprisoned by his son-in-law Constantine and pardoned. Maximian plotted to have Constantine killed; Maximian died soon after, either by suicide or on the orders of Constantine.
Maximian was made emperor in the west because uprisings and unrest made it impossible for Diocletian to rule the entire empire alone. 1570, p. 109; 1576, p. 78; 1583, p. 77.
Maximian was a persecutor of Christians. He decimated the troops of Maurice twice when they refused to sacrifice to his gods and finally commanded they all be killed. 1570, pp. 113-14; 1576, p. 81; 1583, pp. 80-81.
Having abdicated with Diocletian, he attempted to regain power when his son Maxentius was set up as emperor. 1570, p. 118; 1576, p. 85; 1583, p. 84.
Maximian plotted to have Constantine, his son-in-law, killed; the plot was detected by Fausta, Constantine's wife. Maximian was killed on the return journey from Gaul. 1570, pp. 118-19; 1576, p. 85; 1583, p. 84.
Close(750x755 - 803) [L. Garland www.roman-emperors.org]
Married Emperor Leo IV in 769; empress (775 - 80); regent (780 - 90)
Restored icon veneration in 787; encouraged monasticism; co-ruler with her son (792 - 97); had her son blinded
Sole empress (797 - 802); deposed and exiled to a convent
Empress Irene had Pope Adrian exhume the body of Constantine Copronymus and burn it. She had the ashes thrown into the sea because Constantine had opposed the adoration of images. 1570, p. 176; 1576, p. 133; 1583, p. 132.
Nicephorus I deposed Irene and expelled her from the empire. She ended her life in poverty. 1570, p. 176; 1576, p. 133; 1583, p. 132.
Irene and the decrees of the Council of Nicea advocating the adoration of images were condemned at the Council of Frankfurt, presided over by Charlemagne. 1570, p. 175; 1576, p. 132; 1583, p. 131.
Close(c. 340/2 - 420) [Catholic Encyclopedia]
Scholar; translator of the bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin; studied at Rome and Trier. Lived as an ascetic (374 -79); lived in Constantinople (380 - 81), Rome (382 - 85) and Bethlehem (386)
Jerome was called 'papas' or 'father' by Boniface I and others. 1570, p. 11; 1576, p. 8; 1583, p. 8.
Close(c. 1425 - 1510)
German humanist historian; DCL 1450; taught at the University of Basel; rector of the University of Tübingen 1477; chancellor of the university; judge of the Swabian League (1502 -13); wrote World Chronicle
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, pp. 64, 78, 83, 96, 143, 174; 1576, pp. 37, 53, 57, 67, 106, 131; 1583, pp. 37, 53, 57, 67, 105, 130.
Close(130 - 169) [P. B. Peacock www.roman-emperors.org]
Roman emperor (161 - 69), with Marcus Aurelius; both were adopted by Antoninus Pius; son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius
In a letter to Henry VIII, Philip Melancthon referred to Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius as emperors who received the apologies and defences of the Christians kindly. 1570, p. 1340; 1576, p. 1144; 1583, p. 1172.
Foxe calls him Marcus Aurelius Commodus here, but it was Lucius Verus and his brother and co-emperor, Marcus Aurelius, who fought together in the Germanic War referred to by Foxe. 1570, p. 75; 1576, p. 51; 1583, p. 51.
Close(d. 644) [ODNB]
Bishop of York 625 and of Rochester 633; one of the monks sent by Gregory I in 601; worked to convert Eadwine of Northumbria
Eadwine of Northumbria was converted and baptised by Paulinus at York. 1563, p. 18; 1570, pp. 150, 163; 1576, pp. 112, 122; 1583, pp. 111, 121.
Eadwine was reluctant to convert, but Paulinus worked patiently to persuade him. Paulinus baptised many people in the rivers of the realm, and he built a stone church at Lincoln. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 122; 1583, p. 121.
Paulinus was the first bishop of York, consecrated by Justus, archbishop of Canterbury. Upon the death of Justus, Paulinus consecrated Honorius as his successor. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 122; 1583, p. 121.
After the death of King Eadwine, and the conquest by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia, the subsequent disorder forced Paulinus to flee into Kent, along with Queen Æthelburh and her daughter Eanflæd. There Paulinus became bishop of Rochester. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 122; 1583, p. 121.
Close(d. 1513) [ODNB]
Chronicler; freeman in Drapers' Company 1476-7; auditor of the city of London's accounts 1486-7
Sheriff (1493); master of the Drapers' Company (1495 - 56, 1501 - 02); alderman (1494 - 1503); wrote Newe Cronycles
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, pp. 146, 149, 160, 169, 1304; 1576, pp. 108, 111, 120, 128, 1116; 1583, pp. 107, 110, 118, 126, 1141.
Close[Glamorgantia, videlicet, in Vrbe legionum; Kayrleion]
near Newport, Wales
OS grid ref: ST 335 905
CloseA borough, having separate jurisdiction, locally in the Colchester division of the hundred of Lexden, county of Essex. 22 miles north-east by east from Chelmsford. The town comprises the parishes of All Saints, St. James, St. Martin, St. Mary at the Walls, St. Nicholas, St. Peter, St. Rumwald and Holy Trinity within the walls; and St. Botolph, St. Giles, St. Leonard and St. Mary Magdalene without the walls; all in the archdeaconry of Colchester and Diocese of London
[Back to Top]English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Scottish information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1846)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
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CloseA city and county of itself, having exclusive jurisdiction; locally in the East Riding of the county of York, of which it is the capital. 198 miles north-north-west from London. The city is the seat of the Archbishop, and comprised originally 33 parishes, reduced by amalgamation to 22; of which 33, 17 were discharged rectories, 10 discharged vicarages, and 6 perpetual curacies; all within the diocese of York.
[Back to Top]English information from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England (S. Lewis & Co: London, 1831)
Welsh information taken from Samuel Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of Wales(Lewis & Co: London, 1840)
The reason for the use of these works of reference is that they present the jurisdictional and ecclesiastical position as it was before the major Victorian changes. The descriptions therefore approximate to those applying in the sixteenth century, after the major changes of 1535-42. Except for the physical locations, which have not changed, the reader should not therefore take these references as being accurate in the twenty-first century.
[Back to Top]of Cyprian. Neither was then any transubstātiation heard of, which was not brought in before a thousand yere after. Neither were then any images of Saints departed, set vp in Churches; yea a great number of the Saints worshypped in this our time, were not as yet borne, nor the Churches wherein they were worshipped, were yet set vp: but came in long after, especially in the time of Irene & Constans the Emperour. Likewise neyther Reliques nor peregrinations were then in vse. Priestes Mariage was then as lawfull, and no lesse receiued as now: neither was it condemned before the dayes of Hildebrand, almost a thousande yeares after that. Their seruice was then in the vulgare toung, as witnesseth Hierome.MarginaliaDe consecrat. Dist. 2. The Sacrament ministred in both kindes, as wel to lay men, as to Priestes, the witnes wherof is Cyprian. Yea, and that temporal men which would not then communicate at Easter, Whitsontide, and Christenmasse: were not coūted for Catholiks, the Popes owne distinction can testifie. In funeralles, Priestes then flocked not together, selling trentals and diriges for sweping of Purgatorie: but onely a funeral cōcion was vsed, with Psalmes of praises, & songs of theyr worthy deedes: and Alleluya sounding on high, which did shake the gilded seelings of the temple, as witnesseth Nazianzene, Ambrose, and Hierome, &c.
[Back to Top]In the Supper of the Lord, & at Baptisme, no such ceremonies were vsed, as now of late hath bene intruded, in so much that as in this story is shewed hereafter, both Austen and Paulinus Baptised then in Riuers not in halowed fountes, as wytnesseth Fabianus.MarginaliaFabianus. cap. 119. & 120. The Portuis of Sarum, of Yorke, of Bangor, with Mattens and Euensong of the day: againe neither the orders and religions of Monks & Friers, were not yet dreamed of, to the space almost of a thousand yeares after, &c. So that, as I sayde, if the Papistes woulde needes deriue the faith & religion of this Realme, from Rome: then let them set vs & leaue vs there, where they had vs: that is, let them suffer vs to stand content wt that faith and religion, which then was taught & brought from Rome by Eleutherius (as nowe we differ nothing frō the same) and we wil desire no better. And if they wil not, then let the wise Reader iudge, where the fault is, in vs or them which neither themselues will persist in the antiquitie of the Romish religion, whych they so much bragge of, neither will they permit vs so to do.
[Back to Top]And thus much by the way, to satisfie the foresayd obiection: whereby we may haue now a more ready passage into the order and course of the Hystorie. Beyng therefore graunted vnto them, whych they so earnestly sticke vpon, that the Christian faith and Religion of this Realme was brought from Rome, first by Eleutherius,MarginaliaEleutherius Byshop of Rome. then afterwarde by Austen: thus wryteth the Chronicles of that matter.MarginaliaAusten. 2. The fayth of Christ brought into this Realme. Lucius first christened king of the Britaines.About the time and yeare of the Lord. 180.
CloseFoxe is explicit about the difficulties of dating the letter from King Lucius to Pope Eleutherius to receive him into the Christian faith. Foxe primarily follows the details in Fabian's Chronicle (R. Fabyan, The Chronicle of Fabian [London, 1559], book 3, chs 58-59). Fabian himself notes that the sources differ, which is probably why Foxe had recourse to the Magdeburg Centuries, II ch. II, pp. 8-9 to pursue the issue, and also to Bale's English Votaries p. 14 for its mention of the evidence from Geoffrey of Monmouth and other authors. Interestingly, Fabian explicitly says that he disregards Monmouth's evidence. Foxe chose to disregard this, and thereby follow Bale's account. For the relevant passage in Geoffrey of Monmouth, albeit not directly used by Foxe, so far as one can judge, see The historia Regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth, edited and translated by Neil Wright, vol. 5 (Cambridge, 1991), ch. 72, pp. 125-6.
[Back to Top]MarginaliaEx vetusto codice regum antiquorum. The Epistle of Eleutherius to king Lucius.ANno. 169. a Passione Christi scripsit Dominus Eleutherius l'apa Lucio Regi Britannia, ad correctionem Regis & procerum regni Britanniæ
CloseAnno. 169. a passione Christi scripsit dominus Elutherius Papa Lucio Regi Britanniæ, ad correctionem regis & procerum regni Britanniæ
John Wade, University of Sheffield
In the 169th year from the passion of Christ the Lord Pope Elutherius wrote to Lucius the King of Britain for the improvement of the king and the nobles of the kingdom of Britain.
CloseFoxe here elaborates briefly on several important and implied parallels between the Christian conversion of the British Isles and the contemporary experience of reformation. The conversion had occurred through the activity of preachers ('through whose ministery this realm & ileland of Britain was eftsones reduced to the faith & law of the Lord'. The British Isles were Christianised whilst the Roman emperors were still heathens. Foxe weaves in a prophecy from Isaiah ch. 42 and the passage is loosely based on Henry Huntingdon's Chronicle (T. Arnold, ed. Henry of Huntingdon. Henrici Huntendunensis Historia Anglorum, the History of the English, by Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, from B. C. 55 to A. D. 1154 [London: Rolls Series, 1879], ch. 1, pp. 27-8). For the narrative of the death of King Lucius and events thereafter, Foxe relied on Matthew Paris' Flores Historiarum, which had been published in 1567 (H. R. Luard, ed. Matthew Paris. Flores Historiarum 3 vols [London: Rolls Series, 1890], 1, p. 149) and also on the Magdeburg Centuries, II, ch. 2, p. 9.
[Back to Top]Thus therefore although the foresayd Lucius, the Britaine king, through the mercifull prouidence of God, was then Christened and the gospel receaued generally almost in all the land: yet the state thereof as wel of the Religion, as of the common wealth, coulde not be quiet, for that the emperors & nobles of Rome were yet infidels, & enemies to the same: but especially for this cause, the cause so happening, that Lucius the Christen king died without issue:MarginaliaH. Huntendon. Lib. 1 What incommoditie commeth by lacke of succession. for therby such trouble & variance fel amōg the Britaines (as it happeneth in al other Realmes, namely in this our Realme of England when soeuer succession lacketh) that not onely they brought vpon them the Idolatrous Romaines, & at length the Saxons: but also inwrapped them selues in suche miserie and desolation, as yet to thys day amongest them remayneth. Such a thyng it is (where a Prince or a King is in a kingdome) there to lacke succession, as especially in this case may appere. For after þe death
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