(fl. 512?) [ODNB sub kings of Kent]
King of Kent; son of Oisc (Osca) or Hengist
Osca and Octa were captured by Uther Pendragon, but escaped and returned with reinforcements. They were killed in battle. 1570, p. 153; 1576, p. 114; 1583, p. 113.
(d. 62 CE) [D. Hurley www.roman-emperors.org]
Daughter of Emperor Claudius; married Nero, her step-brother in 53 CE; divorced in 62 CE; murdered
She is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 38; 1576, p. 31; 1583, p. 31.
Legendary king of the Britons during the reign of Constantine I
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 147; 1576, p. 109; 1583, p. 108.
(d. 958) [ODNB]
Son of pagan Dane invader; bishop of Ramsbury; archbishop of Canterbury (941 - 58); attended royal councils
Oda refused to become archbishop without first becoming a monk. 1570, p. 1350; 1576, p. 1152; 1583, p. 1181.
Archbishops Oda and Dunstan and Bishops Æthelwold of Winchester and Oswald of Worcester, being monks, were opposed to the marriage of priests. 1570, p. 1317; 1576, p. 1126; 1583, p. 1152.
During Oda's term as archbishop of Canterbury, emphasis on the monastic profession of a celibate life and opposition to clerical marriage increased. 1570, p. 1339, 1576, p. 1142, 1583, p. 1171.
At the behest of Lanfranc, Osbern wrote the lives of Oda, Dunstan and Alphege. 1570, p. 1301; 1576, p. 1113; 1583, p. 1138.
(c. 1504 - 1563)
French ambassador to England (1546 - 50); ambassador to Venice 1550, Rome
Stephen Gardiner, in a letter to the Lord Protector, recalled a disputation with the French ambassador at the Lord Protector's house. 1563, pp. 737-38; 1583, p. 1346.
(d. 654/5) [ODNB sub Oswiu]
Son of Oswald; king of Deira 651; followed an independent line from his uncle Oswiu; allied with Penda of Mercia; deserted Penda in 655
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 150; 1576, p. 112; 1583, p. 111.
(d. 796) [ODNB]
King of the Mercians (757 - 96); dominant ruler in England by the end of the reign; built military earthwork, Offa's Dyke, against the Welsh; had Æthelberht, king of the East Anglians, beheaded in 794
Offa, kinsman of King Æthelbald, ousted Beornred and became king of the Mercians. 1570, p. 171, 1576, p. 129, 1583, p. 128.
Offa won victories over Eadberht of Northumbria and Æthelred of the East Angles. He established an archbishopric in Lichfield, with the agreement of Pope Adrian. He chased the Britons into Wales and built a defensive dyke. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 130; 1583, p. 129.
Alcuin was sent to Charlemagne by Offa of Mercia in hopes of cementing peace between them. Charlemagne held Alcuin in high esteem and made him abbot of Tours. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 131; 1583, p. 129
Charlemagne sent a letter to King Offa, praising Pope Adrian I. 1570, p. 175; 1576, p. 132; 1583, p. 131
Upon his return from France to England, Alcuin complained about the state of the country into which he had arrived in letters to Offa of Mercia, Æthelred of Northumbria and Æthelheard, archbishop of Canterbury. 1570, p. 176; 1576, p. 133; 1583, p. 132.
Offa of Mercia gave one of his daughters to Beorhtric of Wessex in marriage. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 131; 1583, p. 129.
Æthelberht, king of the East Angles, came to Offa's court to marry his daughter. Offa had him murdered due to the counsel of his wife. 1570, pp. 151, 154; 1576, pp. 113, 115; 1583, pp. 112, 114.
Cynethryth, Offa's queen, suspected that Æthelberht was coming to Offa's court, under pretence of marrying their daughter, to murder him and the Mercians. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 131; 1583, p. 129.
Offa had Æthelberht brought in on his own and then had him beheaded. 1570, p. 173; 1576, p. 131; 1583, p. 129.
In repentance for Æthelberht's murder, Offa brought in the Peter's Pence. He gave lands to the church, built monasteries and the abbey of St Alban's in penance. 1570, pp. 150, 173; 1576, pp. 112, 131; 1583, pp. 111, 129.
(fl. C7) [ODNB sub Aethelfrith]
Son of Aethelfrith
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 150; 1576, p. 112; 1583, p. 111.
(fl. 709) [ODNB sub Kings of the East Saxons]
Son of Sigehere of Essex; exercised authority during the reign of his brothers Sigeheard and Swæfred
Abdicated in 709; went to Rome with Cenred of Mercia
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 151; 1576, p. 113; 1583, p. 112.
(d. 633) [ODNB sub Eadwine does not name him]
Son of Eadwine of Northumbria; killed in battle alongside his father
Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia killed Eadwine of Northumbria and his son in battle at Hatfield. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 122; 1583, p. 121.
Son of Alice and Nicholas Brook. Of Worcester.
Oliver Brook's mother insisted he feign friendship with John Davis and so gain access to Davis's writings. She hoped that this would cause Davis to be arrested for owning heretical books. 1570, p. 2277, 1576, p. 1965, 1583, p. 2073.
(d. 1555)
Martyr. Of the parish of Whitchurch, Wiltshire.
Oliver Richardyne was burned at Hartford West during the reign of Henry VIII. 1570, p. 1892, 1576, p. 1620, 1583, p. 1714.
Reputed martyrs under Decius at Cardala
They are mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 88; 1576, p. 61; 1583, p. 61.
Recipient of a letter from Melito setting out the approved books for the Old Testament
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 75; 1576, p. 51; 1583, p. 51.
C4 bishop of Milevis [Catholic Encyclopedia]
Wrote against the Donatists during the Donatist papal schism
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 19; 1576, p. 15; 1583, p. 15.
Consul under Trajan Decius; persecutor of Christians
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 88; 1576, p. 61; 1583, p. 60.
(d. c. 254) [Catholic Encyclopedia]
Christian scholar, theologian
Head of a school at Alexandria; banished by a church council held in 231; started a school at Caesarea; imprisoned under Decius
Origen was a pious and scholarly child. He would have suffered martyrdom with his father during the reign of Severus, but his mother hid his clothes. After the death of his father, Origen supported his mother and siblings by starting a school. He then went on to translate scripture from the Hebrew. 1570, p. 79; 1576, p. 54; 1583, p. 54.
Origen was sought out by his fellow Christians, and many of his associates were martyred. 1570, pp. 79-80; 1576, p. 54; 1583, p. 54.
He was sent for by Julia Mamaea, mother of Emperor Alexander Severus, and he spent some time with them. 1570, p. 84; 1576, p. 58; 1583, p. 57.
Origen wrote his lost martyrology during the persecutions of Maximinus Thrax. 1570, p. 85; 1576, p. 59; 1583, p. 59.
He and Pope Fabian converted Emperor Philip the Arab and his family. 1570, p. 86; 1576, p. 60; 1583, p. 59.
Origen wrote De orthodoxia su? fidei to Fabian. 1570, p. 87; 1576, p. 60; 1583, p. 60
Under Decius, Origen suffered threats, torture and imprisonment. 1570, p. 87; 1576, p. 60; 1583, p. 60
He was banished from Alexandria for sacrificing to the gods. He went to Jerusalem and spent the rest of his life in misery and poverty. He was buried in Tyre.1570, p. 87; 1576, p. 60; 1583, p. 60
Jerome was at times critical of Origen's doctrine, but praised his learning. 1570, p. 87; 1576, p. 60; 1583, p. 60
(d. 867) [ODNB]
King of Northumbria (848x862 - 867); united with rival Ælle after Viking assault on York in 866
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 150; 1576, p. 112; 1583, p. 111.
(d. 1094?) [ODNB]
Benedictine monk; precentor of Christ Church, Canterbury; hagiographer, musician; wrote a life of Dunstan
At the behest of Lanfranc, Osbern wrote the lives of Oda, Dunstan and Alphege. 1570, p. 1301; 1576, p. 1113; 1583, p. 1138.
Mercian nobleman; recipient of a letter from Alcuin about the troubles of the kingdom of Northumbria
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 176; 1576, p. 133; 1583, p. 132.
(d. 971) [ODNB]
Partly Danish; kinsman of Oswald and his successor at York; bishop of Dorchester (c. 950 - 71); archbishop of York (958/59 - 71)
Oscytel replaced the canons at York Minster with monks. 1570, p. 1350; 1576, p. 1152; 1583, p. 1181.
(fl. C7) [ODNB sub Æthelfrith]
Son of Æthelfrith
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 150; 1576, p. 112; 1583, p. 111.
(1258 - 1326) [D. Hay, Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (London, 1966) pp. 243, 254]
Founder of the Ottoman empire; 1st sultan (1281 - 1326)
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1576, p. 3, 1583, p. 3.
Servant of Stephen Gardiner
Coward was a deponent in the case of Gardiner. 1563, p. 857.
(696x8 - 716) [ODNB]
Son of Aldfrith; adopted by Wilfrid
King of Northumbria (c. 705 - 16)
Osred began his reign when he was about eight years old and reigned for ten years. 1570, p. 150; 1576, p. 112; 1583, p. 111.
Osred restored Wilfrid to the bishopric of York. 1570, p. 166; 1576, p. 125; 1583, p. 124.
(d. 792) [ODNB]
Son of King Alhred of Northumbria
King of Northumbria (788 - 90); deposed, tonsured at York, exiled; attempted to return; captured and executed by King Æthelred
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, pp. 150, 175; 1576, pp. 112, 133; 1583, pp. 111, 131.
(fl. 674 - 679) [ODNB]
King of the Hwicce (674 - 79); brother of Oswald
Founder of Gloucester monastery; his sister Cyneburh was the first abbess
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 177; 1576, p. 134; 1583, p. 133.
(d. 634) [ODNB]
Son of Ælfric; cousin to predecessor Eadwine
King of Deira (633 - 34); killed by Cadwallon
Osric and Eanfrith of Bernicia were converted to Christianity in exile in Ireland, but went back to their old religion once they became kings. They were killed by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 122; 1583, p. 121.
Osric and Eanfrith were killed because they gave up their Christian belief. 1570, p. 150; 1576, p. 112; 1583, p. 111.
(d. 729) [ODNB]
King of Northumbria (718 - 29)
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, pp. 150, 167; 1576, pp. 112, 126; 1583, pp. 111, 125.
(603/4 - 642) [ODNB]
Second son of Æthelfrith; exiled with his brothers at their father's death
King of Northumbria (634 - 42); converted to Christianity while in exile; killed in battle against Penda of Mercia
Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia, having defeated and killed Eadwine, Eanfrith and Osric, attempted the same with Oswald. After a fierce battle, Oswald's forces prevailed. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 122; 1583, p. 121.
Oswald overcame Penda and Cadwallon in battle through prayer. He sent for Áedán to preach and translated for him. 1570, pp. 150, 163; 1576, pp. 112, 122; 1583, pp. 111, 121.
Oswald converted to Christianity while in exile with the Irish and learned their language. He was thus able to translate for Áedán. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 123; 1583, p. 121.
Oswald was partly responsible for the conversion of King Cynegils of the West Saxons. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 123; 1583, p. 122.
Oswald stood godfather to King Cynegils of the West Saxons and married his daughter. He was killed in battle against Penda of Mercia. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 123; 1583, p. 122.
(d. 992) [ODNB]
Nephew of Archbishop Oda; monk at Fleury; began a monastery at Ramsey; bishop of Worcester (961 - 92); bishop of York (971 - 92)
Archbishops Oda and Dunstan and Bishops Æthelwold of Winchester and Oswald of Worcester, being monks, were opposed to the marriage of priests. 1570, p. 1317; 1576, p. 1126; 1583, p. 1152.
During Oswald's term as bishop of York, emphasis on the monastic profession of a celibate life and opposition to clerical marriage increased. 1570, p. 1339, 1576, p. 1142, 1583, p. 1171.
Oswald replaced secular canons in the cathedral with monks. 1570, p. 1350, 1576, p. 1152, 1583, p. 1181.
King of Kent (688/9 - 690?) [ODNB sub Wihtred]
Reigned jointly with Swæfberht and Swæfheard between 687 and 690
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1570, p. 149; 1576, p. 111; 1583, p. 110.
(d. 651) [ODNB]
Son of Osric; king of Deira (644 - 51)
Last independent ruler of Deira; murdered by the followers of Oswiu
Oswine ruled with his cousin Oswiu of Bernicia. Oswine gave Áedán, bishop of Lindisfarne, a valuable horse so that he would not always have to travel on foot. Because Oswine would not or could not join Oswiu in battle, Oswiu had him killed.1570, p. 164; 1576, p. 123; 1583, p. 122.
(611/12 - 670) [ODNB]
Son of Æthelfrith; exiled with his brothers at their father's death; baptised as a Christian in exile
King of Northumbria (642 - 70); struggle with Penda of Mercia; chaired the synod of Whitby in 664
Before battle, Oswiu dedicated his daughter to religion, along with 12 lordships to found 12 monasteries. 1570, p. 150; 1576, p. 112; 1583, p. 111.
Oswiu was a friend of King Sigeberht of the East Saxons and was instrumental in his conversion. 1570, p. 151; 1576, p. 113; 1583, p. 112.
King Oswiu gave with his daughter Ælfflæd 12 lordships to found 12 monasteries, six each in Bernicia and Deira. 1570, pp. 150, 177; 1576, pp. 112, 134; 1583, pp. 111, 133.
Penda of Mercia gave his consent to the marriage of his son Peada with Alhflæd, daughter of Oswiu. 1570, p. 164; 1576, p. 123; 1583, p. 122.
Oswiu killed Penda of Mercia in battle. 1570, p. 163; 1576, p. 123; 1583, p. 122.
Oswiu presided over the Synod of Whitby in 664 and opened it with an oration. 1570, p. 165; 1576, p. 124; 1583, p. 123.
Oswiu, having listened to spokesmen for both the Irish and the Roman positions on the calculation of the date of Easter, decided in favour of the Roman. 1570, pp. 165-66; 1576, pp. 124-25; 1583, pp. 123-24.
(d. 759) [ODNB]
Son of Eadberht of Northumbria
King of Northumbria (758 - 59); killed by his household
Oswulf, although innocent, was killed in the first year of his reign. 1570, p. 175; 1576, p. 132; 1583, p. 131.
(d. 248?) [M. L. Meckler and C. Koerner, sub Philip the Arab, www.roman-emperors.org]
Wife of Roman Emperor Philip the Arab
Severa, with her husband and family, was converted to Christianity by Pope Fabian and Origen. 1570, p. 86; 1576, p. 60; 1583, p. 59.
(912 - 973)
King of the Germans (936 - 73); duke of the Saxons
Holy Roman Emperor (962 - 73) Son of Henry I the Fowler
Otto I had the right to choose and ordain the bishop of Rome. [Leo VIII is mistakenly called Leo IX by Foxe] 1570, p. 5, 1576, p. 4, 1583, p. 5.
(c. 1114 - 1158)
Chronicler; fifth son of Leopold III, margrave of Austria, and Agnes, daughter of Emperor Henry IV
Cistercian abbot; bishop of Freising (c. 1136 - 58); went on crusade in 1147
He is mentioned by Foxe: 1563, p. ; 1570, pp. 63, 113, 143; 1576, pp. 38, 81, 106; 1583, pp. 38, 80, 105.
Bishop of Constance (1071 - 80) [Gams]
Sided with Henry IV and was excommunicated because he took part in the deposition of Gregory VII at the Synod of Worms in 1076
Gregory VII wrote to Otto and other dukes, princes and bishops informing them that they were to shun simonical and married clergy. This included clergy appointed by the emperor. 1570, p. 1319; 1576, p. 1128; 1583, p. 1153.
Claydon was a witness against Richard Gibson. 1563, p. 1642.
Bearer of a letter from Edward VI
The king sent a letter to the lord mayor of London, Henry Amcottes; the mayor-elect, Sir Rowland Hill; the aldermen and common council, directing that 1000 troops be mustered to defend the Lord Protector. The bearer was Owen Claydon, and his oral declarations were to be heeded. 1570, p. 1547; 1576, p. 1319; 1583, p. 1369.
A curate at St David's
Bishop Henry Morgan placed Robert Ferrar in Owen Jones's custody. 1563, pp. 1098-99; 1570, pp. 1723-24; 1576, pp. 1471-72; 1583, p. 1554.
[NB: Ferrar had excommunicated Jones and he had testified against Ferrar; see BL, Harley 420, fols. 81v, 84v, 138v, 165v, 166r, 175v].
(d. 1559)
President of Magdalen College, Oxford (1535 - 1552 and 1553 - 1559); dean of Windsor (1554 - 1556); bishop of Carlisle (1557 - 1559). Performed the coronation ceremony for Elizabeth. [see DNB ].
Owen Oglethorpe was one of the participants in the Oxford disputations of 1554 (1563, pp. 936-38, 943-44, 969 and 971; 1570, pp. 1591-93, 1596-981[recte 1597], 1616 and 1618; 1576, pp. 1358-59, 1362 and 1379-80 and 1583, pp. 1428-30, 1432-33, 1449 and 1451).
[NB: A brief account of the Oxford disputations, only in 1563, mentions Oglethorpe debating with Cranmer (1563, p. 933). He is listed as debating with Ridley (1563, p. 934; 1570, p. 1606; 1576, p. 1371; 1583, p. 1441).]
According to Foxe, Oglethorpe was present when William Glynn asked Ridley's forgiveness for insulting him during Ridley's disputation on 17 April (1563, p. 971; 1570, p. 1618; 1576, p. 1380; 1583, p. 1451).
Elizabeth spent the night at the house of the dean of Windsor on her way to Woodstock. 1570, p. 2292, 1576, p. 1985, 1583, p. 2094.
Oglethorpe was a participant in the Westminster disputation of 1559. 1563, p. 1717, 1583, p. 2119.
Owen Oglethorpe died after Queen Mary. 1563, p. 1707, 1570, p. 2301, 1576, p. 1992, 1583, p. 2101.