Marseilles

Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône), France

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Avignon

Avignon, on the river Rhône, administrative centre of the Vaucluse département. Seat of the Avignon papacy from 1309 until 1378 and, subsequent to that, seat of the first two 'clementine' popes: Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

King Charles V of France (d. 1380)

Charles V (1338 - 1380), king of France, the eldest son of king Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg.

The brothers of Charles V of France

This refers to the brothers of Charles V of France, and uncles of Charles VI of France; Louis I, duke of Anjou, John, duke of Berry and Philip, duke of Burgundy.

Louis I, duke of Anjou (d. 1384)

Louis I of Anjou (1339 - 1384), first count then duke of Anjou, second son of king Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg. He married Marie of Blois, countess of Guise, in 1360. He was appointed duke of Anjou in 1360 and king of Sicily in 1382; died in 1384. He spent several years in the South, but did not enjoy a good reputation in the region.

Toulouse

Toulouse, on the river Garonne, administrative centre of the Haute-Garonne département; the old capital of the Languedoc.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Queen Jeanne I of Naples (d. 1382)

Jeanne d’Anjou (1328 - 1382), queen Jeanne I of Naples, daughter of Charles, duke of Calabria, and Marie de Valois. Jeanne inherited from her grandfather, Robert of Naples, and, after contesting his will with the intervention of the pope, was crowned queen of Naples in 1344. She was also countess of Provence, queen consort of Majorca and titular queen of Jerusalem and Sicily. She was married four times: (1) Andrew of Hungary, duke of Calabria; (2) Louis, prince of Taranto; (3) James IV of Majorca; (4) Otto, duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.

Louis I, duke of Anjou (d. 1384)

Louis I of Anjou (1339 - 1384), first count then duke of Anjou, second son of king Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg. He married Marie of Blois, countess of Guise, in 1360. He was appointed duke of Anjou in 1360 and king of Sicily in 1382; died in 1384. He spent several years in the South, but did not enjoy a good reputation in the region.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Queen Jeanne I of Naples (d. 1382)

Jeanne d’Anjou (1328 - 1382), queen Jeanne I of Naples, daughter of Charles, duke of Calabria, and Marie de Valois. Jeanne inherited from her grandfather, Robert of Naples, and, after contesting his will with the intervention of the pope, was crowned queen of Naples in 1344. She was also countess of Provence, queen consort of Majorca and titular queen of Jerusalem and Sicily. She was married four times: (1) Andrew of Hungary, duke of Calabria; (2) Louis, prince of Taranto; (3) James IV of Majorca; (4) Otto, duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.

Louis I, duke of Anjou (d. 1384)

Louis I of Anjou (1339 - 1384), first count then duke of Anjou, second son of king Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg. He married Marie of Blois, countess of Guise, in 1360. He was appointed duke of Anjou in 1360 and king of Sicily in 1382; died in 1384. He spent several years in the South, but did not enjoy a good reputation in the region.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Toulouse

Toulouse, on the river Garonne, administrative centre of the Haute-Garonne département; the old capital of the Languedoc.

Marie de Blois, duchess of Anjou

Froissart is referring here to Marie de Blois, daughter of Charles, duke of Brittany, and wife of Louis I of Anjou who died in 1384. Louis was brother to king Charles V of France, and pretender to the throne of Naples. Marie died in 1404.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Avignon

Avignon, on the river Rhône, administrative centre of the Vaucluse département. Seat of the Avignon papacy from 1309 until 1378 and, subsequent to that, seat of the first two 'clementine' popes: Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

Sylvestre Budes

Sylvestre or Silvestre Budes (c. 1310 - 1380), a Breton mercenary captain; for his service with Louis of Anjou, Bertrand du Guesclin and Henry of Trastámara. Valois notes that he was the cousin of Bertrand du Guesclin.

Bernard de la Salle

Bernard de la Salle (? - 1391), a Gascon mercenary captain.

Florimont

Florimont, a mercenary.

Romans

Tuscany

Tuscany, Italy

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

Kings of England and France

Refers to King Edward III of England and King John II of France.

Brétigny

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

The Latecomers

The Latecomers (Fr. ‘les Tards-Venus’), a contemporary term used to describe the marauding band of men assembled after 1360, most often known as the Great Company, one of the largest and most formidable of the routier companies. According to Caferro, Froissart took the term 'Tard-Venus’ from Jean le Bel, but contemporary documents, as well as modern historians, have affirmed the correctness of the term the 'Great Company’ (Magna Societas). John Hawkwood began his mercenary career in the Great Company

Duchy of Burgundy

Burgundy, a region in the east of France whose unity was based more upon historical than geographical factors.

English

The people of England; subjects of the English crown; English troops or populations, etc.

Bretons

Gascons

Germans

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Robert Birkhead

Robert Birkhead, a mercenary captain and companion of John Hawkwood, who died in 1368.

John Creswell

John Creswell, a mercenary captain and companion of John Hawkwood who died at Niort in 1373.

Battle of Brignais

The battle of Brignais took place on 6 April 1362 between mercenary companies and the French royal army. Part of the royal army, led by Jacques de Bourbon, count of La Marche, suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the companies.

Pont-Saint-Esprit

The town of Pont-Saint-Esprit, the administrative centre of the canton of the Gard in France, had in fact been taken by mercenaries at the end of December 1360, and not in the way that Froissart describes.

Bernard de Sorges

Bernard de Sorges, a mercenary captain.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

The cardinals

John II Palaeologus, marquis of Montferrat (d. 1371/2)

John II Palaeologus (c. 1321 - 1372), marquis of Montferrat, son of Theodore Palaeologus and Argentina Spinola; the marquisate was situated between Piedmont and Milan. John II declared war on the viscount of Milan.

John II Palaeologus, marquis of Montferrat (d. 1371/2)

John II Palaeologus (c. 1321 - 1372), marquis of Montferrat, son of Theodore Palaeologus and Argentina Spinola; the marquisate was situated between Piedmont and Milan. John II declared war on the viscount of Milan.

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

John II Palaeologus, marquis of Montferrat (d. 1371/2)

John II Palaeologus (c. 1321 - 1372), marquis of Montferrat, son of Theodore Palaeologus and Argentina Spinola; the marquisate was situated between Piedmont and Milan. John II declared war on the viscount of Milan.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

Bertrand du Guesclin (d. 1380)

Bertrand du Guesclin (c. 1320 - 1380), Breton knight who became constable of France in 1370; one of the greatest war leaders of this period; his career spanned circa forty years. Upon his death in 1380, his monument was placed in the Abbey of Saint Denis, amongst those of the kings of France.

Jean de Bourbon, count of La Marche (d. 1393)

Jean de Bourbon (1344 - 1393), count of La Marche, Lieutenant General of the king of France in Limousin; second son of Jacques I de Bourbon and Jeanne de Châtillon. He became count of La Marche when both his father and his elder brother Pierre, the heir, died from their wounds after the battle of Brignais.

Antoine de Beaujeu (d. 1374)

Antoine de Beaujeu (c. 1343 - 1374), son of Edward I of Beaujeu, Marshal of France, and Marie du Thil. He fought at the battle of Cocherel, and accompanied Bertrand du Guesclin into Castile.

Arnoul d’Audrehem (d. 1370)

Arnoul d’Audrehem (c. 1305 - 1370), one of the greatest of the French captains, named Marshal of France in 1351.

Spain

King Pedro I 'the Cruel' of Castile (d. 1369)

Pedro I 'the Cruel' (1334 - 1369), king of Castile, son of king Alphonso XI of Castile and Maria of Portugal. Pedro was the last ruler of the main branch of the house of Burgundy; Constanza was his second daughter with Maria de Padilla.

King Enrique II of Castile (d. 1379)

Enrique de Trastámara (1334 - 1379), king Enrique II of Castile, the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Eleanor of Guzman, half-brother to Pedro I of Castile. He proclaimed himself king of this realm in 1369 until 1379, taking the title Enrique II.

Pope Urban V (d. 1370)

Guillaume de Grimoard (1310 - 1370); he was elected pope Urban V in 1362.

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Italy

Pope Urban V (d. 1370)

Guillaume de Grimoard (1310 - 1370); he was elected pope Urban V in 1362.

Pope Gregory XI (d. 1378)

Pope Gregory XI was Pierre Roger de Beaufort, a Benedictine, archbishop of Rouen and pope from 1370 to 1378, succeeded pope Urban V; he was the last pope in residence at Avignon before the Great Schism that followed the election of his successor. Froissart is mistaken though. Gaston died in 1381: the pope would have been Clement VII, the first pope from the Clementine party to continue to reside in Avignon.

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (d. 1397)

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (1340 - 1397), lord of Coucy, only son and successor of Enguerrand VI de Coucy. Enguerrand VII was considered to be among the most skilled and experienced of French knights in the fourteenth century; he was offered twice the position of constable of France, the highest military office in France, which he refused both times. A master of diplomacy, Coucy managed to maintain both his allegiance to the king of France and to his English father-in-law Edward III during the Hundred Years' War. However, Coucy resigned all of his English honours upon the accession of Richard II on 26 August 1377.

Gian Galeazzo Visconti (d. 1402)

Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1351 - 1402), count of Vertus, duke of Milan; son of Galeazzo II Visconti and Bianca of Savoy. His marriage to the French princess Isabella de Valois brought him the title of count of Vertus with a little fiefdom in Champagne.

Lombards

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (d. 1397)

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (1340 - 1397), lord of Coucy, only son and successor of Enguerrand VI de Coucy. Enguerrand VII was considered to be among the most skilled and experienced of French knights in the fourteenth century; he was offered twice the position of constable of France, the highest military office in France, which he refused both times. A master of diplomacy, Coucy managed to maintain both his allegiance to the king of France and to his English father-in-law Edward III during the Hundred Years' War. However, Coucy resigned all of his English honours upon the accession of Richard II on 26 August 1377.

Lombards

Gian Galeazzo Visconti (d. 1402)

Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1351 - 1402), count of Vertus, duke of Milan; son of Galeazzo II Visconti and Bianca of Savoy. His marriage to the French princess Isabella de Valois brought him the title of count of Vertus with a little fiefdom in Champagne.

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (d. 1397)

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (1340 - 1397), lord of Coucy, only son and successor of Enguerrand VI de Coucy. Enguerrand VII was considered to be among the most skilled and experienced of French knights in the fourteenth century; he was offered twice the position of constable of France, the highest military office in France, which he refused both times. A master of diplomacy, Coucy managed to maintain both his allegiance to the king of France and to his English father-in-law Edward III during the Hundred Years' War. However, Coucy resigned all of his English honours upon the accession of Richard II on 26 August 1377.

Isabella of England (d. 1379)

Isabella Plantagenet (1332 - 1379), countess of Bedford, daughter of king Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. She married Enguerrand VII de Coucy in 1365.

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Louis of Anjou, keen to exploit queen Jeanne's increasingly difficult position in Naples, negotiated with Clement VII the possibility of becoming heir apparent to the queen. According to the SHF editors, two papal bulls of February 1380 authorised this adoption, and Louis promised to defend her rights and kingdom against the aggression of Charles III of Durazzo; see SHF, t. IX, p. lxxv (note 3).

John Hawkwood began his career in Brittany in 1342/3, and it has long been supposed that he participated in two of the great battles of the Hundred Years' War: at Crécy in 1346 and Poitiers in 1356; see Caferro, John Hawkwood, p. 41. The treaty of Bretigny in 1360 between Edward III and Jean II brought a temporary end to the actual war, but it encouraged the formation of the so-called free companies. The territorial clauses of the treaty involved the evacuation of towns, castles and fortresses held by the French, and Edward III also was to evacuate all the fortresses taken by his subjects in various parts of France during the conflict. No arrangements were made for dealing with disbanded troops, and it was these men, finding themselves put out of employ by the peace treaty, who formed the basis of the Great Companies; see Fowler, Medieval Mercenaries I, pp. 24-28.

Froissart's account is confused here: he has inverted the dates of the capture and evacuation of Pont-Saint-Esprit (December 1360) and the battle of Brignais (April 1362).

Pope Innocent VI had condemned and excommunicated the Great Company in January 1361 after the atrocities committed at Pont-Saint-Esprit, but in March of the same year he made peace with the company and engaged some of them to serve in Italy with the marquis of Montferrat in his war against the Visconti of Milan. The marquis of Montferrat, John Palaeologus, came in person to lead the mercenaries over the Alps, and the cost was shouldered by Innocent VI and his allies, the Genoese; see Fowler, Medieval Mercenaries I, p. 36; Caferro, John Hawkwood, pp. 44-5.

Bertrand du Guesclin and Arnoul d'Audrehem assembled a large host of mercenaries and in February 1366 the force crossed to Castile to aid Henry of Trastámara to usurp the throne from his brother, king Pedro I of Castile. Pedro fled to Gascony, and Henry was crowned king of Castile on 29 March 1366 at Burgos.

Manuscript reading: ces

Emended reading: ses

Manuscript reading: et de

Emended reading: en

Manuscript reading: Hactonde

Emended reading: Haccoude

Manuscript reading: Hactonde

Emended reading: Haccoude

Manuscript reading: Brimay

Emended reading: Brinay

Manuscript reading: Hactonde

Emended reading: Haccoude

Manuscript reading: Andrehen

Emended reading: Audrehen

Manuscript reading: Hactonde

Emended reading: Haccoude

Manuscript reading: Hactonde

Emended reading: Haccoude

Manuscript reading: Hactonde

Emended reading: Haccoude

Manuscript reading: Hactonde

Emended reading: Haccoude