John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Edmund of Langley, earl of Cambridge (1341 - 1402), duke of York; fifth son of Edward III, king of England, earl of Cambridge and later duke of York, uncle of king Richard II.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Edmund of Langley, earl of Cambridge (1341 - 1402), duke of York; fifth son of Edward III, king of England, earl of Cambridge and later duke of York, uncle of king Richard II.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Parliament opened at Westminster on 20 October 1385, and it was at the end of November that the Castilian projects of the duke of Lancaster were once more considered. Gaunt managed to convince both Lords and Commons to grant him financial support for an expedition to Castile to claim his kingdom and save the country from Schism. See Russell, English Intervention, p. 403; Anthony Goodman, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-century Europe (Harlow: Longman, 1992), p. 105.
Anthony Goodman, John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-century Europe (Harlow: Longman, 1992), p. 105
Russell notes that before 12 January 1386, Richard II appointed Sir William Parr, the duke of Lancaster's retainer and confidant, to go to Portugal immediately and acquaint king João I with what had been decided. Parr joined the Portuguese king in his camp outside the Castilian-held town of Chaves; see Russell, English Intervention, p. 403. See also Nigel Saul, Richard II, p. 149.
d’Angleterre a leur coux mil et XIIC
lan ces, toutes gens d’elite, et II mil archiers et mil groz
varlés, et seroit paié chas cun avant son departement pour demi an452. De ce se contenterent bien tous les oncles du roy, et par especial le duc de Lencastre, au quel principau ment la besoigne
touchoit et qui de voit estre chief de celle armee. Et pour expedier les ambassadeurs
de Portingal, qui vouloient retourner en Portingal et apporter
nouvelles, le roy d’Angleterre rescripsi au roy de Portingal moult
doulces lettres con tenans grant amour et grant aliance que il vouloit tenir aux Portingaloiz. Et fist le roy d’Angleterre donner de moult beaux dons
au grant mais tre de Saint Jaque de Portingal et a Laurencien Fougasse, et tousjours estoient avec le duc de Lencastre ou le conte
de Cantebruge. Si prindrent un jour les dessusdiz ambassadeurs congié
du roy et du conseil, et disne rent ce jour avec le duc de Lencastre et le conte de Cantebruge, et le len demain ilz furent delivréz. Et me semble que le duc de Lencastre man doit par ses lettres au roy de Portingal et par la bouche et parole des am bassadeurs que on lui voulsist envoier
de Portingal VII gallees ou XVIII ou XX groz vaisseaux. Ceulx s’en chargie rent, disant que ilz feroient bien la besoigne et le messaige, et leur fu dit que on feist la navie prendre port et terre a Bristo sur les frontieres de Galles, et que la monteroient en mer
le duc de Lencastre et toutes ses gens. Sur cel condicion ilz prindrent congié
et se departirent du duc et s’en vindrent a Hantonne et trouverent
leur nef qui la les attendoit. Si entrerent dedens et siglerent en mer, car
ilz orent vent a leur volenté. Si entrerent en la haulte mer d’Espaigne, et furent
dedens V jours ou hable du Port de Portingal, et a ce jour le
roy de Portingal y estoit qui ot grant joye de leur venue453.
La recorderent au roy le grant maistre de Saint Jaque et Lau rencien Fougasse tout ce qu’ilz avoient veü et trouvé
en Angleterre tant par le roy comme depar ses oncles,
et mons trerent leurs lettres qui certifioient tout. Ne demoura gueres de temps depuis que le roy de Portingal qui grandement desiroit a avoir l’aide et le confort du
roy d’Angleterre pour donner doubte et cremeur aux Castelloings, mist son conseil ensemble. Et la fu determiné et deliberé que maistre
Alefonce Bretat, sou verain maistre de toutes les navires et gallees de Portingal
feroit armer et aprester VI gallees et XVIII grosses nefs et
les emmenroit en Angleterre pour aler querir le duc de Lencastre.
Si fu appelléz Alphonse et li fu dit que il se delivrast de ordonner les
galees et les nefs et se partist de Portingal et alast en Angleterre. Alphons Bretat ne sejourna gueres depuis, mais fist tout ce que commandé li fu, et se parti un jour du port de Portingal et se mist en
mer avec l’armee. Ilz orent vent a volenté. Ilz furent en VI jours a Brisco, et la en trerent. Pour ce temps estoient tous les seigneurs d’Angleterre ou en partie en la marche de Galles, car le roy s’i tenoit. Des nouvelles fu le duc de Lencastre tout resjouy, et avança
ses besoignes. Ja estoient escripz et mandéz chevaliers et escuiers qui devoient aler en
Portin gal avecques lui, et se tenoient tous sur pb 275 v
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