Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Froissart's account of how English forces were concentrated in certain areas along the coast is largely substantiated by what is known of the disposition of the English forces. The government's response to the impending attack from across the Channel was to strengthen the system of coastal defences in England, and special arrangements were made for the defence of such key ports as Southampton and Yarmouth, and for the urban defences at Sandwich, Rye and Lynn. Considerable reinforcements were thrown into Calais, and a coastal patrol was organised; see Palmer, England, France and Christendom, pp. 73-6; Saul, Richard II, p. 154. Froissart also notes how the English forces were instructed to retire before the enemy, burning and destroying the countryside around as they went. Special measures were also taken to secure the capital, and according to Palmer, a large strategic reserve was concentrated in the vicinity of London, while a fleet was patrolling the mouth of the Thames; see Palmer, p. 75-6. Saul also notes that in September all London householders were ordered to lay in food supplies for three months, and that the nobility and leading knights were ordered to meet with the king at Westminster by the end of the month, which ensured that by October nearly 4,500 men were stationed in positions within a 60-mile radius of the capital; see Saul, Richard II, pp. 154-5.
coustiant la mer sur les
frontieres de Flandres et de France gardéz. Je vous di ray comment ne en quelle maniere. On avoit tonneaulx de Gascoingne vuis
emplis de sablon et mis en couronne l’un sur l’autre. Et encores dessus ces ton neaulx mis estoient aux perches sur lesquelles de jour et de nuit y avoit hom mes regardans en la
mer, et pouoient de une veue bien veoir VII lieues loing ou plus en la
mer. Et ces gardes esto ient chargees, se ilz veoient venir la navie de France et approuchier Angle terre, a faire feux et alumer torches la
sus et grans feux sus les montaignes pour esmouvoir le paÿs et pour venir celle part toutes gens la ou le feu apparoit. Et estoit ordonné que on laroit le roy de France paisiblement prendre terre et en trer sur le paÿs, et estre III ou IIII jours. Et tout premier, avant que on les alast combatre,
on yroit combatre et conquer re la navie et toutes les nefs, et des truire et prendre toutes
leurs pourve ances, et puis venroit sur les Françoys non pas pour
combatre sitost mais pour herier, ne leurs gens ne pour royent ne oseroient aler
fourragier, ne ilz ne trouveroient quoy. Car le plat paÿs seroit tout perdu davantaige, et Angleterre est un mauvais paÿs a chevauchier, si les affameroit on,
et mettroit affin
de eulx meismes. Telle estoit leur oppinion et le conseil d’Angle terre. Et fut
le pont de la ville de Roces tre condempnéz a deffaire, si comme il fut la ou une
grosse riviere court venant de la conté d’Exsesses et d’Arondel, et ren tre en la mer et en la Tamise a l’encon tre de l’isle de Tepee.
Et le dit pont firent abatre ceulx de Londres pour estre plus
asseur478. Et vous dy que les tailles estoient grandes et villaines en France sus les hom mes des villes, aussi furent elles
en celle sayson durement grandes en Angleterre, et tant que le paÿs s’en doulut un grant temps depuis. Mais trop voulentiers payerent les gens pour
la cause de ce que ilz feussent mieulx gardéz et deffen duz, et se trouvoient bien en Angleterre CM archiers et dix mille
hommes d’armes, quoyque le duc de Lancastre eust sa charge grande et grosse
mené en Castille, si comme il est ycy contenu, SHF 3-106sync duquel duc nous parle rons un petit de luy et du roy de Portingal, et puis
retournerons en Angleterre. Car la matere le desire, qui veulst aussi bien parler de l’un comme de l’autre.
Vous savéz, si comme il est ycy dessus con tenu en celle hystoire,
comment le duc de Lancastre a belle charge de gens d’armes et d’archiers
estoit arrivéz a La Caloingne en Gallice, et par composicion la ville, non le chastel, s’estoient renduz a luy, et avoient dit ainsi que ilz feroient tout ce que les au tres villes de Gallice feroyent, et sus tel es tat, ne on ne les avoit point
combatus ne assailliz depuis que ilz orent ditte la parolle, et estoient le duc de
Lancastre et leurs enffans depuis venuz a la ville de Saint Jaques
laquelle on appelle Compos telle, et la se tenoient, et avoient entencion de tenir tant
que ilz eussent autres nou velles du roy de Portingal. Quant le roy sceut de verité que le duc estoit en la ville de Saint Jaques, et sa
femme et ses filles, si en ot grant joye, et penssa bien que entre eulx deux ilz feroyent encores bonne guer re au royaulme de Castille. Sy
fist lettres escripre moult doulces et moult amiables, et grans salus, et envoya tantost par
ses certains messaiges les lettres et ses amis pb 289 v
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