Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Richard Poynings (c. 1355 - 1387), third Lord Poynings, younger son of Michael Poynings, first Lord Poynings, and Joan Ruxley. He succeeded his brother, Thomas, as Lord Poynings after Thomas died in 1375. Poynings was knighted by Richard II at his coronation, and he accompanied John of Gaunt to Spain where he died at Villalpando in 1387.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Froissart recounts quite correctly here that the duke of Lancaster was confronted with a major dilemma, as he could not expect any relief or parliamentary provisions from England to keep his army financed and supplied; his only option was therefore to ally himself formally with João I of Portugal, who speedily exploited the opportunity; see Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 123.
According to Russell, there is documentary evidence that the duke of Lancaster's court was at Orense on 4 December 1386 rather than Santiago de Compostela: 'this fortified city, rather than Santiago, was evidently the seat of Lancaster's court during most of his stay in Galicia'; see Russell, English Intervention, p. 432. It should also be noted that both the SHF editors and Russell state that it was the Portuguese chancellor Lourenço Fogaça, together with Martinez de Mello, who was sent to Lancaster at Orense to propose a meeting between the two sovereigns; see SHF, t. 13, p. xii (note 1); Russell, English Intervention, p. 438.
le paÿs pour le present a asséz affaire de luy gar der et tenir contre ses annemis, tant des
Françoys comme des Escoçoys. Faittes vostre guer re
de ce que vous avéz de gens, la plus belle que vous pouéz, et n’esperéz a plus avoir avoir de confort
ne de rafreschissement de gens d’armes ne d’archiers d’Angleter re, car
plus n’en aréz. Vous avéz mis plus de II ans a empetrer ce que vous en avéz." Le duc de Lancastre congnut bien que on luy disoit verité, et le
conseilloit on loy aulment. Et respondi: "Que vouléz vous que je face?" Si
respondirent ceulx de son conseil: "Nous voulons que vous envoyéz devers le roy
de Portingal V ou VI de noz chevaliers, et du
mains il y ait un baron, et ceulx remonstre ront au roy vivement et lui diront
que vous avéz tresgrant desir de lui veoir. Ceulx que vous y en voyeréz seront saiges et
advisiéz de eulx meismes. Quant ilz orront le roy parler, ilz respondront, mais
faittes que vous le voyés comme qu’il soit, et parléz a luy hastivement." "Je le vu eil", dist le duc485. Adonc furent
ordonnéz pour aler en Portingal depar le duc le sire de
Pouvins un grant baron d’Angleterre, et messire Jehan de Bunrelle et deux autres. Sy ordonne rent ces seigneurs a partir de Saint
Ja ques atout cent lances et IIC archiers.
Ainsi que ilz avoient prins leur ordonnan ce un jour et estoient leurs
lettres toutes escriptes, il vint un chevalier et un escu ier de Portingal
a XII lances. Le chevalier estoit nommé Vase Martin de
Coigne et l’escuier Ferrant Martin de Merlo, et estoient
tous deux de l’ostel du roy des plus prouchains de son corps.
On les loga a leur ayse en la ville de Saint Jaques, et furent menéz de vers le
duc et la duchesce presentement, et bail lerent leurs lettres486. Le duc leut celles qui lui appar tenoient, et la duchesce les siennes. Par les dessusdiz envoyoit le roy de Portingal au
duc et a la duchesce et a leurs filles de be aulx
muléz blancs et bien emblans dont on ot grant joye, et avecques ce grans salus et grans
approuchemens d’amour. Pour ce ne fut pas le voyaige des Angloys d’aler en Portingal rompu, mais il en fut retardé IIII jours.
Au Ve, ilz se depar tirent de Saint Jaques tous
ensemble, et en voyoit le duc de Lancastre au roy de Portin gal en
signe d’amour II faulcons pelerins si bons qu’on ne savoit point les paraulx,
et VI levriers d’Angleterre aussi tresbons pour toutes
bestes. Or chevauchierent les Por tingallois et les Angloys
ensemble toute la bende de Gallice et n’avoient garde des Françoys, car ilz estoient trop loing. Sus le chemin s’acquittierent de parolles messire Jehan d’Aubrecicourt et Martin Ferrant de Merlo. Et
entre le Port de Con nimbres ou le roy estoit, ainsi qu’ilz che vauchoient derrieres, ilz encontrerent un herault et son varlet qui venoit de Con nimbres et s’en aloit a Saint Jaques devers le duc
et les chevaliers, et estoit ce he rault au roy de Portingal. Et
quant le roy fut couronné a Connimbres, il le fist herault et luy donna en nom Connimbres. Le herault avoit ja parlé
aux seigneurs et dit des nouvelles. Quant Ferrant Martin de Merlo qui
chevauchoit tout le pas, et messire Jehan d’Aubrecicourt le vit, dist: "Veéz cy
le he rault du roy de Portingal qui ne fut long temps a en ce paÿs. Je
luy vueil demander des nouvelles." Tantost ilz furent l’un devant l’autre, et dist l’escuier: "Ou avéz vous esté si longuement?" "En non Dieu",
dist il, "j’ay esté en Angleterre et ay veü le roy et les seigneurs d’Angleterre qui m’ont fait tout riche, et de la suis je retourné par
mer en Bretaigne et a la grant feste qu’il fist pb 293 r
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