King Juan I of Castile (d. 1390)
Juan or John I of Castile (1358 - 1390), son of Henry of Trastámara and Juana Manuel of Castile. He married (1) Eleanor of Aragon, daughter of Pere IV, king of Aragon, in 1375 (2) Beatrice of Portugal, daughter of king Ferdinand I of Portugal. Juan succeeded the throne of Castile in 1379 until 1390, taking the title "Juan I".
View full articleFrance
The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).
View full articleKing Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.
View full articleEngland
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
View full articleKing João I of Portugal (d. 1433)
King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.
View full articleJohn of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
View full articlePhilippa of Lancaster (d. 1415)
Philippa of Lancaster (1360 - 1415), daughter of John, duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Lancaster. Wife of João I, king of Portugal.
View full articleFrance
The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).
View full articleEngland
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
View full articlePhilippa of Lancaster (d. 1415)
Philippa of Lancaster (1360 - 1415), daughter of John, duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Lancaster. Wife of João I, king of Portugal.
View full articleJohn of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
View full articleConstanza of Castile, duchess of Lancaster
Constanza of Castile (1354 - 1394), duchess of Lancaster; daughter of king Pedro 'the Cruel' of Castile and Maria de Padilla. She married John of Gaunt in 1371 as his second wife.
View full articleFrance
The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).
View full articleKing Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.
View full articleEngland
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.
View full articleEngland
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
English
The people of England; subjects of the English crown; English troops or populations, etc.
France
The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).
View full articleKing Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.
View full articleArmagnac
France, south-west, modern Gascony; historic county between the Adour and Garonne rivers, roughly equivalent to the modern department of Gers; major towns: Auch, Aignan; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the treaty of Brétigny; John I of Armagnac, appealed to Charles V in 1369 in protest against the harsh rule of Edward, prince of Aquitaine.
View full articleComminges
France, Central Pyrenees, roughly equivalent to the modern departments of Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Gers and Hautes-Pyrénées. County belonging to the duchy of Aquitaine.
View full articleBigorre
France, south-west; occupied most of the modern Hautes-Pyrénées; capital: Tarbes; other towns: Lourdes, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Tournay, Lannemezan; confiscated by Philip IV of France in 1292; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the treaty of Brétigny; recaptured by the French with the aid of the count of Foix after 1370.
View full articleAuvergne
France, central region at the heart of the Massif Central covering approximately the modern departments of Cantal, Puy-de-Dôme and (parts of) Haute-Loire; bounded to the north by the duchy of Bourbon, the west by Limousin, the south by Viadene, the south-east by Gévaudan and the south-west by Quercy. Major towns: Clermont, Montferrand and Riom.
View full articleLimousin
France, centre (modern departments of Corrèze, Creuse and Haute-Vienne); bounded to the north-east by La Marche, the east by Auvergne, the north-west by Poitou, the west by Périgord and Angoumois, and the south by Quercy. Principal city: Limoges, many of whose surrounding fortresses (including Chalusset, Rochechouart, Isle, Châlus, etc) were occupied by routier garrisons during the early 1370s.
View full articlePoitou
France, region in the west bounded by Anjou and Touraine to the north, Berry and Limousin to the east, Angoumois to the south, Aunis, La Rochelle and the Atlantic to the west, and Saintonge to the south-west; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the Treaty of Brétigny; reconquered by Du Guesclin and granted as an apanage to the duke of Berry in 1372.
View full articleAnjou
Anjou is a former duchy and province in the lower Loire Valley of western France. It corresponds largely to the present-day department of Maine-et-Loire.
View full articleMaine
The historic county of Maine, corresponding to the modern day province of Maine, France.
View full articleCounty of Blois
The historic county of Blois, France, centered around the city of Blois.
View full articleNormandy
Duchy to the north-west of the Île-de-France, bordered by the Channel; governed by the dauphin Charles, as Lieutenant of Normandy, until his accession to the French throne in 1364.
France
The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).
View full articleKing Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.
View full articleKing Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.
View full articleIsabeau of Bavaria, queen of France (d. 1435)
Isabeau de Bavière (1371? - 1435), daughter of Etienne or Stephen II, duke of Bavaria, and Thadea Visconti. She married Charles VI in Amiens cathedral only two days after their engagement in 1385. Her official entry to Paris in 1389 opens Book IV of the Chroniques, and Froissart describes these festivities in great detail.
View full articleBlanche of Navarre, queen of France (d. 1398)
Daughter of Philip III of Navarre and Joan II of Navarre. Second wife of the French king Philip VI of Valois. They married on 11 January 1350. The king died later that year.
View full articleBlanche of France, duchess of Orléans (d. 1393)
Daughter of King Charles IV of France and his third wife, Jeanne of Évreux. She was born on 1 April 1328, two months of her father’s death. She married Philip, duke of Orléans, in 1344.
View full articleFrance
The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).
View full articleNotre-Dame cathedral of Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris, a gothic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in Paris, France.
View full articleEngland
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.
View full articleIsabeau of Bavaria, queen of France (d. 1435)
Isabeau de Bavière (1371? - 1435), daughter of Etienne or Stephen II, duke of Bavaria, and Thadea Visconti. She married Charles VI in Amiens cathedral only two days after their engagement in 1385. Her official entry to Paris in 1389 opens Book IV of the Chroniques, and Froissart describes these festivities in great detail.
View full articleJohn, duke of Berry
John duke of Berry (1340 - 1416), third son of king John II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg, brother of king Charles V of France, and uncle of king Charles VI. John married Jeanne d'Armagnac, the daughter of count Jean I and sister of count Jean II. John of Berry, with his brother Philip, duke of Burgundy, were dominant figures in the French kingdom and in French politics during most of Charles VI's reign, first due to the minority of the king, and later because of his insanity.
View full articleSluys
Sluys (Fr. Écluse, Dutch Sluis), today a silted-up port to the west of Bruges.
View full articlePhilip the Bold, duke of Burgundy (d. 1404)
Philippe, known as 'the Bold', duke of Burgundy (1342 - 1404), fourth son of Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg. The duke of Burgundy was a prominent figure in the government of France during the reign of his nephew Charles VI, especially after 1392 when the king began to suffer from recurring bouts of insanity that gave the dukes of Berry and Burgundy the opportunity to seize power from Charles VI's trusted administrators, known as the Marmousets. Philippe married Margaret de Male, countess of Flanders, and this marriage eventually not only reunited the duchy of Burgundy with the 'free' counties of Burgundy and Artois, but also brought the wealthy counties of Flanders, Nevers and Rethel under the control of the duke of Burgundy. Thus this marriage alliance, and the consequent marriages of the duke of Burgundy's children, created the basis for the Grand Duchy of the West, a quasi-independent state rather than a mere fief of the French crown.
View full articleDuchy of Burgundy
Burgundy, a region in the east of France whose unity was based more upon historical than geographical factors.
View full articleMargaret of Male, duchess of Burgundy (d. 1405)
Only daughter and heir of Louis II de Male, count of Flanders. She married firstly Philip of Rouvre, duke of Burgundy, in 1356. After the death of her first husband in 1361, she was remarried to Philip the Bold, to whom the duchy of Burgundy had been given in 1363. She died on 16 March 1405.
View full articleJoão I had indeed tried to delay the marriage and probably kept the duke of Lancaster in ignorance for a time of the reason for this delay, but there is no evidence that this was because of the impending attack on England by the French host. Russell notes that a hitch had occurred in João's request for papal dispensation from the vows of celibacy which he had taken, and that the Portuguese king was waiting for a confirmation from Rome that the matter had been satisfactorily settled; see Russell, English Intervention, p. 449-50.
Charles VI left Paris for the expedition in early September 1386; he was at Amiens by 8 September.
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