Bruges

Damme

Damme (West Flanders), Belgium.

Aardenburg

Aardenburg (Zeeland), Netherlands.

Sluys

Sluys (Fr. Écluse, Dutch Sluis), today a silted-up port to the west of Bruges.

King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)

King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.

Waleran III de Luxemburg, count of Saint-Pol (d. 1415)

Waleran III de Luxemburg (1355 - 1415; killed at Agincourt), count of Saint Pol; son of Guy de Luxemburg, count of Ligny, and Mahaut de Châtillon, countess of Saint Pol. He married firstly Maud Holland, daughter of Thomas Holland, earl of Kent, and half-sister of king Richard II. After her death he married Bonne, daughter of Duke Robert of Bar.

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (d. 1397)

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (1340 - 1397), lord of Coucy, only son and successor of Enguerrand VI de Coucy. Enguerrand VII was considered to be among the most skilled and experienced of French knights in the fourteenth century; he was offered twice the position of constable of France, the highest military office in France, which he refused both times. A master of diplomacy, Coucy managed to maintain both his allegiance to the king of France and to his English father-in-law Edward III during the Hundred Years' War. However, Coucy resigned all of his English honours upon the accession of Richard II on 26 August 1377.

Béraud II de Clermont, dauphin d’Auvergne (d. 1399)

Béraud II de Clermont (1333 - 1399), dauphin d'Auvergne, count of Clermont and lord of Mercoeur, son of Béraud I, dauphin d’Auvergne, and Marie de La Vie de Villemur. He married (1) Jeanne de Forez, lady of Ussel (2) Marguerite de Sancerre, countess of Sancerre.

Hugues de Melun, lord of Antoing (d. c. 1405)

Hugues de Melun (? - c. 1405), lord of Antoing, Espinoy and Sotteghem, viscount of Ghent; son of Jean I de Melun and his second wife Isabeau d'Antoing. Hugues took over his mother's inheritance and was consequently called 'd'Antoing'. He married 1) Marguerite de Picquigny 2) Béatrix de Beaumont.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

Bruges

Sluys

Sluys (Fr. Écluse, Dutch Sluis), today a silted-up port to the west of Bruges.

King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)

King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.

John, duke of Berry

John duke of Berry (1340 - 1416), third son of king John II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg, brother of king Charles V of France, and uncle of king Charles VI. John married Jeanne d'Armagnac, the daughter of count Jean I and sister of count Jean II. John of Berry, with his brother Philip, duke of Burgundy, were dominant figures in the French kingdom and in French politics during most of Charles VI's reign, first due to the minority of the king, and later because of his insanity.

King Léon VI de Lusignan of Armenia (d. 1393)

Léon VI de Lusignan, king of Armenia from 1374 to 1375, son of Jean de Lusignan. Chased out of his kingdom by the armies of the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt, who at that time controlled both Egypt and Syria, he was taken prisoner by the Emir of Aleppo and incarcerated in Cairo in 1375. He gained his freedom on 7 October 1382 thanks to the intervention of Clement VII and the Juan I, king of Castile (who gave him the lordships of Madrid, Villareal and Andujar). He died at Calais in 1393 and was interred at the abbey of Saint-Denis. He had arrived in Paris in 1384.

England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

King Richard II of England (d. 1400)

Richard was born on 6 January 1367 in Bordeaux. Froissart called him Richard of Bordeaux after his place of birth. He was the second son of Edward, the Black Prince, prince of Wales and Aquitaine, and Joan of Kent. After the death of his elder brother Edward in 1372, and of his father, in 1376, Richard was created prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and earl of Chester on 20 November 1376. He succeeded to his grandfather, King Edward III the following year, and became king on 22 June 1377. He reigned as king of England until 1399, when he was forced to abdicate by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke. Richard married his first wife, Anne of Bohemia, on 14 January 1382. In 1396, two years after the death of his first wife, he married Isabella, daughter of the French king, Charles VI.

Royal council of England

John, duke of Berry

John duke of Berry (1340 - 1416), third son of king John II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg, brother of king Charles V of France, and uncle of king Charles VI. John married Jeanne d'Armagnac, the daughter of count Jean I and sister of count Jean II. John of Berry, with his brother Philip, duke of Burgundy, were dominant figures in the French kingdom and in French politics during most of Charles VI's reign, first due to the minority of the king, and later because of his insanity.

Olivier IV de Clisson (d. 1407)

Olivier IV de Clisson (1336 - 1407), one of the most important of the Breton barons, son of Olivier III de Clisson and his second wife Jeanne de Belleville. He was raised at the court of Edward III of England to which he escaped with his mother after his father was executed as a traitor to the French crown. He fought on the English side, together with Jean IV de Montfort, the future duke of Brittany, at the battle of Auray in 1364. But as he was not rewarded for his services as promised by the Black Prince, he became reconciled with the French crown in 1367 and became a 'good Frenchman’ before succeeding Bertrand du Guesclin as supreme commander of the French armies as constable of France in 1380. He became one of the most powerful men in France. He was not, however, always well-regarded by his contemporaries.

King Léon VI de Lusignan of Armenia (d. 1393)

Léon VI de Lusignan, king of Armenia from 1374 to 1375, son of Jean de Lusignan. Chased out of his kingdom by the armies of the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt, who at that time controlled both Egypt and Syria, he was taken prisoner by the Emir of Aleppo and incarcerated in Cairo in 1375. He gained his freedom on 7 October 1382 thanks to the intervention of Clement VII and the Juan I, king of Castile (who gave him the lordships of Madrid, Villareal and Andujar). He died at Calais in 1393 and was interred at the abbey of Saint-Denis. He had arrived in Paris in 1384.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)

King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

King Richard II of England (d. 1400)

Richard was born on 6 January 1367 in Bordeaux. Froissart called him Richard of Bordeaux after his place of birth. He was the second son of Edward, the Black Prince, prince of Wales and Aquitaine, and Joan of Kent. After the death of his elder brother Edward in 1372, and of his father, in 1376, Richard was created prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and earl of Chester on 20 November 1376. He succeeded to his grandfather, King Edward III the following year, and became king on 22 June 1377. He reigned as king of England until 1399, when he was forced to abdicate by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke. Richard married his first wife, Anne of Bohemia, on 14 January 1382. In 1396, two years after the death of his first wife, he married Isabella, daughter of the French king, Charles VI.

Royal council of England

Saint-Ouen

Saint-Ouen-lès-Saint-Denis, according to Pannier, where in the fourteenth century the chapel of the Order of the Star was located.

Boulogne-sur-Mer

Dover harbour

Edmund of Langley, earl of Cambridge (d. 1402)

Edmund of Langley, earl of Cambridge (1341 - 1402), duke of York; fifth son of Edward III, king of England, earl of Cambridge and later duke of York, uncle of king Richard II.

Thomas of Woodstock, earl of Buckingham, duke of Gloucester (d. 1397)

Thomas of Woodstock (1355 - 1397), earl of Buckingham, later the duke of Gloucester; son of king Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. He was uncle to Richard II.

French

The people of France; subjects of the French crown; French-speaking people; French troops or populations, etc.

Sandwich

Sandwich (Kent), England.

Sandwich

Sandwich (Kent), England.

Richard (III) FitzAlan, fourth earl of Arundel (d. 1397)

Richard FitzAlan, fourth earl of Arundel (1346 - 1397), son of Richard FitzAlan, third earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster. In 1386, he was appointed Admiral of England and knighted to the Order of the Garter by Richard II. He was one of the lords Appellant, and was closely allied with the duke of Gloucester. Arundel was arrested for his opposition to Richard II, tried at Westminster and beheaded in 1397.

Henry Percy, first earl of Northumberland (d. 1408)

Henry Percy (1341 - 1408), first earl of Northumberland; elder son of Henry Percy, third Lord Percy of Alnwick, and his first wife Mary, daughter of Henry of Lancaster.

Robert de Vere, ninth earl of Oxford (d. 1392)

Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford (1362 - 1392), ninth earl of Oxford, marquess of Dublin, duke of Ireland; son of Thomas de Vere, earl of Oxford, and Maud Ufford. Robert de Vere had a great influence on the young Richard II. De Vere was accused of treason along with others in 1388.

John Hastings, third earl of Pembroke (d. 1389)

John Hastings (1372 - 1389), third earl of Pembroke, son of John Hastings, second earl of Pembroke, and Anne Mauny.

Thomas (I) Mowbray, first earl of Nottingham (d. 1399)

King Richard II of England (d. 1400)

Richard was born on 6 January 1367 in Bordeaux. Froissart called him Richard of Bordeaux after his place of birth. He was the second son of Edward, the Black Prince, prince of Wales and Aquitaine, and Joan of Kent. After the death of his elder brother Edward in 1372, and of his father, in 1376, Richard was created prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and earl of Chester on 20 November 1376. He succeeded to his grandfather, King Edward III the following year, and became king on 22 June 1377. He reigned as king of England until 1399, when he was forced to abdicate by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke. Richard married his first wife, Anne of Bohemia, on 14 January 1382. In 1396, two years after the death of his first wife, he married Isabella, daughter of the French king, Charles VI.

London

London, England.

Royal council of England

England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

King Léon VI de Lusignan of Armenia (d. 1393)

Léon VI de Lusignan, king of Armenia from 1374 to 1375, son of Jean de Lusignan. Chased out of his kingdom by the armies of the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt, who at that time controlled both Egypt and Syria, he was taken prisoner by the Emir of Aleppo and incarcerated in Cairo in 1375. He gained his freedom on 7 October 1382 thanks to the intervention of Clement VII and the Juan I, king of Castile (who gave him the lordships of Madrid, Villareal and Andujar). He died at Calais in 1393 and was interred at the abbey of Saint-Denis. He had arrived in Paris in 1384.

Dover

Dover (Kent), England.

The duke of Lancaster and the earl of Cambridge, oncles of King Richard II

The uncles of Richard II of England are John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and Edmund of Langley, earl of Cambridge.

King Richard II of England (d. 1400)

Richard was born on 6 January 1367 in Bordeaux. Froissart called him Richard of Bordeaux after his place of birth. He was the second son of Edward, the Black Prince, prince of Wales and Aquitaine, and Joan of Kent. After the death of his elder brother Edward in 1372, and of his father, in 1376, Richard was created prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and earl of Chester on 20 November 1376. He succeeded to his grandfather, King Edward III the following year, and became king on 22 June 1377. He reigned as king of England until 1399, when he was forced to abdicate by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke. Richard married his first wife, Anne of Bohemia, on 14 January 1382. In 1396, two years after the death of his first wife, he married Isabella, daughter of the French king, Charles VI.

Royal council of England

King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)

King Charles VI of France (1368 - 1422); son of king Charles V of France and Jeanne de Bourbon. He married Isabeau de Bavière in 1385.

King Léon VI de Lusignan of Armenia (d. 1393)

Léon VI de Lusignan, king of Armenia from 1374 to 1375, son of Jean de Lusignan. Chased out of his kingdom by the armies of the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt, who at that time controlled both Egypt and Syria, he was taken prisoner by the Emir of Aleppo and incarcerated in Cairo in 1375. He gained his freedom on 7 October 1382 thanks to the intervention of Clement VII and the Juan I, king of Castile (who gave him the lordships of Madrid, Villareal and Andujar). He died at Calais in 1393 and was interred at the abbey of Saint-Denis. He had arrived in Paris in 1384.

Froissart reflects in this passage the reality of the financial situation in the French camp: the limit of taxation had been reached in France and resort to borrowing had proved only moderately successful, so little or no cash was available to pay wages. Supplies were expensive and consequently large numbers of troops were pillaging to support themselves.

Manuscript reading: ses

Emended reading: ces