Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
He was probably born early in 1316 as the son of Walter Stewart, the high Steward of Scotland, and Marjorie Bruce, daughter of king Robert I of Scotland. Robert became heir to his namesake and grandfather, king Robert I Bruce in 1318. However, in 1324 a son was born to Robert I, the future David II. In 1326 Robert was recognised as David’s heir should the latter die without male issue. By this time Robert had inherited the title of steward of Scotland. At the Battle of Neville’s Cross Robert fled the field together with Patrick, earl of March. As King David II was taken prisonner and spent the next eleven years in English captivity, Robert Stuart became the guardian of Scotland until 1357. The relationship between David II and the Steward was poor and there is clear evidence that the Steward deliberately stalled progress towards the payment of the king’s ransom and his release from captivity. Shortly after David’s release in 1357 the Steward was created earl of Strathearn. King David II died without offspring on 22 February 1371 and Robert succeded him to the throne, being crowned on 27 March 1371. He died on 19 April 1390.
William Douglas (c. 1330 - 1384), first earl of Douglas; second son of Archibald Douglas and Beatrice Lindsay of Crawford. Douglas married Margaret, sister and heir of Thomas, earl of Mar, about 1357, although Froissart, in Book I, § 354, already refers to her as the countess of Douglas in 1356.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.
la somme de cinq cens hommes d’armes et autant
d’archiers173. Sy vindrent ces seigneurs et leurs gens a
Pleumont et de la se logierent ens es villaiges d’en viron pour attendre vent, et chargie rent leurs
vaisseaulx petit a petit, et ne devoient nulz passer nulz chevaulx. Car le chemin est trop long
d’Angleter re jusques a Luzebonne en Portingal, et estoit le chevalier portingalloys, messire Jehan
Fernando, en leur compaignie et s’en aloit avecques eulx. Sy sejour nerent plus de trois sepmaines
sus la mer en faysant leurs pourveances et en attendant vent. Car ilz l’avoient contraire, et
entrementes s’en aloit le duc de Lancastre vers Escoce et tant fist par ses journees que il vint en
la cité de Bervich. C’est la derraine ville a ce léz de toute Angleterre. Et quant il fut la venuz, il
s’y arresta et envoya un herault en Escoce devers le roy et les ba rons et leur mandoit que il estoit
ve nuz pour traire sur marche ainsi que d’usaige avoient eu du temps passé, et se ilz se vouloient
traire avant que il luy feust signiffié, autrement il savoit bien que il en avoit affaire. Le herault du
duc se party de Bervich et chevaucha vers Haindebourc, ou le roy Robert d’Esco ce, le conte de
Douglas, le conte de le Mar che, le conte de Mouret et les barons
d’Es coce estoient tous ensemble. Car ilz a voyent ja entendu que le duc de Lancas tre venoit celle
part pour traittier a eulx. Et pour ce s’estoyent ilz mis en la souve raine ville d’Escoce sus les
frontieres d’Angleterre tous ensemble, et ainsi les trouva le herault d’EAngleterre
envoyé depar le duc de Lancastre, lequel fist son messaige bien et a point et fut bien
et
voulentiers ouiz. Et ot telle respon ce depar les seigneurs d’Escoce, qui lui dirent ainsi que
voulentiers orroy ent le duc parler. Sy rapporta le herault saufconduit pour le duc et toutes ses
gens pour durer tant comme ilz seroient sus marché et que ilz par lementeroient ensemble, et s’en
re tourna le herault confortéz et pour veuz des asseurances, et retourna a Bervich et monstra tout
ce que fait avoit. Sur ce le duc de Lancastre se de party de Bervich, mais a son depar tement il
laissa toutes ses pourve ances en la ville et puis prinst le che min de Rosebourc et la se loga une
nuit, et l’andemain il s’en vint logier en une abbaye appellee l’abbaye de Miamos sur la Ruide, c’est une abbaye qui depart
les deux royaulmes d’Es coce et d’Angleterre, et la se tint le duc et ses gens tant que les Escocs
furent venuz a la Monbane a trois petites lieues de la. Et, quant ilz furent venuz, le duc en fut
signiffiéz. Sy comman cierent les traittiéz et les parlemens entre les Escocs et les Angloys et
du rerent plus de XV jours. En ces trait tiéz durans et parlemens faisans advindrent en Angleterre
tresgrans meschiefs et rebellions et de esmou vemens de menu puepple, par lequel fait Angleterre
fut sur le point d’es tre perdue sans recouvrer, ne onc ques royaulmes ne paÿs ne fut en si grant
peril ne adventure comme il le fut en celle sayson. Et pour la grant ayse et graisse en quoy le menu
puepple d’Angleterre gisoit, s’esmeut et leva rebellion, ainsi que jadiz s’esmeurent en France les
Jaques pb 70 r
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