The cardinals

Aragon

Marseilles

Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône), France

Felip Dalmau, viscount of Rocabertí (d. 1392)

Felip Dalmau (c. 1343 - 1392), viscount of Rocabertí, son of Jofre V de Rocabertí and Elisenda de Montcada.

Aragon

Marseilles

Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône), France

Marseilles

Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône), France

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Avignon

Avignon, on the river Rhône, administrative centre of the Vaucluse département. Seat of the Avignon papacy from 1309 until 1378 and, subsequent to that, seat of the first two 'clementine' popes: Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

King Charles V of France (d. 1380)

Charles V (1338 - 1380), king of France, the eldest son of king Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg.

The brothers of Charles V of France

This refers to the brothers of Charles V of France, and uncles of Charles VI of France; Louis I, duke of Anjou, John, duke of Berry and Philip, duke of Burgundy.

Louis I, duke of Anjou (d. 1384)

Louis I of Anjou (1339 - 1384), first count then duke of Anjou, second son of king Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg. He married Marie of Blois, countess of Guise, in 1360. He was appointed duke of Anjou in 1360 and king of Sicily in 1382; died in 1384. He spent several years in the South, but did not enjoy a good reputation in the region.

Toulouse

Toulouse, on the river Garonne, administrative centre of the Haute-Garonne département; the old capital of the Languedoc.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Queen Jeanne I of Naples (d. 1382)

Jeanne d’Anjou (1328 - 1382), queen Jeanne I of Naples, daughter of Charles, duke of Calabria, and Marie de Valois. Jeanne inherited from her grandfather, Robert of Naples, and, after contesting his will with the intervention of the pope, was crowned queen of Naples in 1344. She was also countess of Provence, queen consort of Majorca and titular queen of Jerusalem and Sicily. She was married four times: (1) Andrew of Hungary, duke of Calabria; (2) Louis, prince of Taranto; (3) James IV of Majorca; (4) Otto, duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.

Louis I, duke of Anjou (d. 1384)

Louis I of Anjou (1339 - 1384), first count then duke of Anjou, second son of king Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg. He married Marie of Blois, countess of Guise, in 1360. He was appointed duke of Anjou in 1360 and king of Sicily in 1382; died in 1384. He spent several years in the South, but did not enjoy a good reputation in the region.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Queen Jeanne I of Naples (d. 1382)

Jeanne d’Anjou (1328 - 1382), queen Jeanne I of Naples, daughter of Charles, duke of Calabria, and Marie de Valois. Jeanne inherited from her grandfather, Robert of Naples, and, after contesting his will with the intervention of the pope, was crowned queen of Naples in 1344. She was also countess of Provence, queen consort of Majorca and titular queen of Jerusalem and Sicily. She was married four times: (1) Andrew of Hungary, duke of Calabria; (2) Louis, prince of Taranto; (3) James IV of Majorca; (4) Otto, duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.

Louis I, duke of Anjou (d. 1384)

Louis I of Anjou (1339 - 1384), first count then duke of Anjou, second son of king Jean II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg. He married Marie of Blois, countess of Guise, in 1360. He was appointed duke of Anjou in 1360 and king of Sicily in 1382; died in 1384. He spent several years in the South, but did not enjoy a good reputation in the region.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Toulouse

Toulouse, on the river Garonne, administrative centre of the Haute-Garonne département; the old capital of the Languedoc.

Marie de Blois, duchess of Anjou

Froissart is referring here to Marie de Blois, daughter of Charles, duke of Brittany, and wife of Louis I of Anjou who died in 1384. Louis was brother to king Charles V of France, and pretender to the throne of Naples. Marie died in 1404.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Avignon

Avignon, on the river Rhône, administrative centre of the Vaucluse département. Seat of the Avignon papacy from 1309 until 1378 and, subsequent to that, seat of the first two 'clementine' popes: Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

Sylvestre Budes

Sylvestre or Silvestre Budes (c. 1310 - 1380), a Breton mercenary captain; for his service with Louis of Anjou, Bertrand du Guesclin and Henry of Trastámara. Valois notes that he was the cousin of Bertrand du Guesclin.

Bernard de la Salle

Bernard de la Salle (? - 1391), a Gascon mercenary captain.

Florimont

Florimont, a mercenary.

Romans

Tuscany

Tuscany, Italy

Italy

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

Kings of England and France

Refers to King Edward III of England and King John II of France.

Brétigny

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

The Latecomers

The Latecomers (Fr. ‘les Tards-Venus’), a contemporary term used to describe the marauding band of men assembled after 1360, most often known as the Great Company, one of the largest and most formidable of the routier companies. According to Caferro, Froissart took the term 'Tard-Venus’ from Jean le Bel, but contemporary documents, as well as modern historians, have affirmed the correctness of the term the 'Great Company’ (Magna Societas). John Hawkwood began his mercenary career in the Great Company

Duchy of Burgundy

Burgundy, a region in the east of France whose unity was based more upon historical than geographical factors.

English

The people of England; subjects of the English crown; English troops or populations, etc.

Bretons

Gascons

Germans

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Robert Birkhead

Robert Birkhead, a mercenary captain and companion of John Hawkwood, who died in 1368.

John Creswell

John Creswell, a mercenary captain and companion of John Hawkwood who died at Niort in 1373.

Battle of Brignais

The battle of Brignais took place on 6 April 1362 between mercenary companies and the French royal army. Part of the royal army, led by Jacques de Bourbon, count of La Marche, suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the companies.

Pont-Saint-Esprit

The town of Pont-Saint-Esprit, the administrative centre of the canton of the Gard in France, had in fact been taken by mercenaries at the end of December 1360, and not in the way that Froissart describes.

Bernard de Sorges

Bernard de Sorges, a mercenary captain.

Manuscript reading: secreement

Emended reading: secretement

Manuscript reading: se

Emended reading: si

Manuscript reading: yroit

Emended reading: porroit, il yroit

Manuscript reading: et de

Emended reading: en

Manuscript reading: de chiaulx

Emended reading: des chiefs

SHF vol. 9, p. 155

Acad. royale, vol. 9, p. 155

SHF vol. 9, p. 156