England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

Lisbon

Lisbon at the mouth of the river Tagus, district of Lisbon, Portugal.

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

Scotland

Berwick-upon-Tweed

Berwick-upon-Tweed (Northumberland), England.

Scotland

King Richard II of England (d. 1400)

Richard was born on 6 January 1367 in Bordeaux. Froissart called him Richard of Bordeaux after his place of birth. He was the second son of Edward, the Black Prince, prince of Wales and Aquitaine, and Joan of Kent. After the death of his elder brother Edward in 1372, and of his father, in 1376, Richard was created prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and earl of Chester on 20 November 1376. He succeeded to his grandfather, King Edward III the following year, and became king on 22 June 1377. He reigned as king of England until 1399, when he was forced to abdicate by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke. Richard married his first wife, Anne of Bohemia, on 14 January 1382. In 1396, two years after the death of his first wife, he married Isabella, daughter of the French king, Charles VI.

Barons of Scotland

Berwick-upon-Tweed

Berwick-upon-Tweed (Northumberland), England.

Edinburgh

Edinburgh, Scotland.

Robert II Stuart, king of Scotland (d. 1390)

He was probably born early in 1316 as the son of Walter Stewart, the high Steward of Scotland, and Marjorie Bruce, daughter of king Robert I of Scotland. Robert became heir to his namesake and grandfather, king Robert I Bruce in 1318. However, in 1324 a son was born to Robert I, the future David II. In 1326 Robert was recognised as David’s heir should the latter die without male issue. By this time Robert had inherited the title of steward of Scotland. At the Battle of Neville’s Cross Robert fled the field together with Patrick, earl of March. As King David II was taken prisonner and spent the next eleven years in English captivity, Robert Stuart became the guardian of Scotland until 1357. The relationship between David II and the Steward was poor and there is clear evidence that the Steward deliberately stalled progress towards the payment of the king’s ransom and his release from captivity. Shortly after David’s release in 1357 the Steward was created earl of Strathearn. King David II died without offspring on 22 February 1371 and Robert succeded him to the throne, being crowned on 27 March 1371. He died on 19 April 1390.

William Douglas, first earl of Douglas (d. 1384)

William Douglas (c. 1330 - 1384), first earl of Douglas; second son of Archibald Douglas and Beatrice Lindsay of Crawford. Douglas married Margaret, sister and heir of Thomas, earl of Mar, about 1357, although Froissart, in Book I, § 354, already refers to her as the countess of Douglas in 1356.

Edmund (III) Mortimer, third earl of March (d. 1381)

Edmund III Mortimer (1352 - 1381), third earl of March and earl of Ulster; son of Roger Mortimer, second earl of March, and Philippa Montagu.

John Dunbar, earl of Moray (d. 1391/2)

John Dunbar (? - 1391/2), earl of Moray; son of Patrick Dunbar and Isabel Randolph.

Barons of Scotland

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

Scotland

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

Berwick-upon-Tweed

Berwick-upon-Tweed (Northumberland), England.

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

Berwick-upon-Tweed

Berwick-upon-Tweed (Northumberland), England.

Berwick-upon-Tweed

Berwick-upon-Tweed (Northumberland), England.

Roxburgh

Roxburgh, the destroyed royal burgh on the Scottish borders. Nowadays, the name Roxburgh refers to a small village southwest of the historic Roxburgh.

Melrose Abbey

Melrose Abbey, Melrose, Scotland. The abbey was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks at the request of king David I of Scotland.

Kingdoms of Scotland and England

See Scotland and England.

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

Scots

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

Scots

English

The people of England; subjects of the English crown; English troops or populations, etc.

England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

Manuscript reading: Fienabe

Emended reading: Frenando

Manuscript reading: Ruide

Emended reading: Tuide

Manuscript reading: Mourhane

Emended reading: Morlane

Manuscript reading: enssy

Emended reading: en si

Acad. royale, vol. 9, p. 386

SHF vol. 10, p. 94

Lettres gothiques, vol. 1, p. 1001