James Douglas (d. 1330)

Montrose

Flanders

County of Flanders, a historical region in the Low Countries.

Sluys

Sluys (Fr. Écluse, Dutch Sluis), today a silted-up port to the west of Bruges.

Holy Land

Sluys

Sluys (Fr. Écluse, Dutch Sluis), today a silted-up port to the west of Bruges.

King of Scotland

Scotland

Scotland

Sluys

Sluys (Fr. Écluse, Dutch Sluis), today a silted-up port to the west of Bruges.

King Alfonso XI of Castile (d. 1350)

Alfonso XI, king of Castile, (1312-50). They were all descendants of Alfonso X, (1252-84). Charles and Louis were the nephews, not the cousins of Alfonso.

Sluys

Sluys (Fr. Écluse, Dutch Sluis), today a silted-up port to the west of Bruges.

Spain

Valencia

Spain, province of Valencia.

King Alfonso XI of Castile (d. 1350)

Alfonso XI, king of Castile, (1312-50). They were all descendants of Alfonso X, (1252-84). Charles and Louis were the nephews, not the cousins of Alfonso.

James Douglas (d. 1330)

King Alfonso XI of Castile (d. 1350)

Alfonso XI, king of Castile, (1312-50). They were all descendants of Alfonso X, (1252-84). Charles and Louis were the nephews, not the cousins of Alfonso.

James Douglas (d. 1330)

King Alfonso XI of Castile (d. 1350)

Alfonso XI, king of Castile, (1312-50). They were all descendants of Alfonso X, (1252-84). Charles and Louis were the nephews, not the cousins of Alfonso.

King Alfonso XI of Castile (d. 1350)

Alfonso XI, king of Castile, (1312-50). They were all descendants of Alfonso X, (1252-84). Charles and Louis were the nephews, not the cousins of Alfonso.

James Douglas (d. 1330)

Spanish

James Douglas (d. 1330)

James Douglas (d. 1330)

James Douglas (d. 1330)

Scotland

English

The people of England; subjects of the English crown; English troops or populations, etc.

Scots

King David II of Scotland (d. 1371)

Joan of the Tower, queen of Scotland (d. 1362)

Joan (1321 - 1362), queen of Scots, consort of David II, king of Scots; second daughter of Edward II and Isabella of France. Froissart normally calls her ‘Isabella’.

Joan of the Tower, queen of Scotland (d. 1362)

Joan (1321 - 1362), queen of Scots, consort of David II, king of Scots; second daughter of Edward II and Isabella of France. Froissart normally calls her ‘Isabella’.

King David II of Scotland (d. 1371)

Berwick-upon-Tweed

Berwick-upon-Tweed (Northumberland), England.

English

The people of England; subjects of the English crown; English troops or populations, etc.

Scots

King Charles IV of France (d. 1328)

Charles was born at Creil on 18 June 1294 as the third son of King Philip IV of France and Jeanne of Navarre. In January 1308 he was married to Blanche of Burgundy. He was made count of La Marche in 1314. He succeded as king of France and king of Navarre on 3 January 1322, after the death of his elder brother, Philip V, and was crowned on 11 February in Rheims. In May of the same year his marriage was annulled and he then married Marie of Luxemburg on 21 September 1322. She gave birth to a son in March 1324, but the infant died soon after, and Marie survived him only by a few days. Charles married a third time, to Jeanne of Évreux, on 5 July 1324. When he died, on 1 February 1328, he had only one living child, a daugther Marie from his third marriage. The children born out of his first two marriages had died in childhood and so had the first daugther from his third marriage. The queen, Jeanne of Évreux, however, was pregnant when her husband died, and she give birth to a posthumous daughter, called Blanche. He was the last king of France of the direct Capetian line. As Charles died without male offspring, he was succeeded to the throne of France by Philip VI of Valois, the son of his maternal uncle Charles de Valois.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

King Charles IV of France (d. 1328)

Charles was born at Creil on 18 June 1294 as the third son of King Philip IV of France and Jeanne of Navarre. In January 1308 he was married to Blanche of Burgundy. He was made count of La Marche in 1314. He succeded as king of France and king of Navarre on 3 January 1322, after the death of his elder brother, Philip V, and was crowned on 11 February in Rheims. In May of the same year his marriage was annulled and he then married Marie of Luxemburg on 21 September 1322. She gave birth to a son in March 1324, but the infant died soon after, and Marie survived him only by a few days. Charles married a third time, to Jeanne of Évreux, on 5 July 1324. When he died, on 1 February 1328, he had only one living child, a daugther Marie from his third marriage. The children born out of his first two marriages had died in childhood and so had the first daugther from his third marriage. The queen, Jeanne of Évreux, however, was pregnant when her husband died, and she give birth to a posthumous daughter, called Blanche. He was the last king of France of the direct Capetian line. As Charles died without male offspring, he was succeeded to the throne of France by Philip VI of Valois, the son of his maternal uncle Charles de Valois.

Philip VI of Valois, king of France (d. 1350)

Philip was born in 1293 as the eldest son of Charles I, count of Valois and Anjou, and Margaret of Anjou. He was engaged to Jeanne of Burgundy, daughter of Duke Robert II of Burgundy in 1303 and married her in July 1313. In that year he became count of Maine. After his father’s death in 1325, he also became count of Valois and Anjou. He married his second wife, Blanche of Évreux, princess of Navarre, in 1350.

King Charles IV of France (d. 1328)

Charles was born at Creil on 18 June 1294 as the third son of King Philip IV of France and Jeanne of Navarre. In January 1308 he was married to Blanche of Burgundy. He was made count of La Marche in 1314. He succeded as king of France and king of Navarre on 3 January 1322, after the death of his elder brother, Philip V, and was crowned on 11 February in Rheims. In May of the same year his marriage was annulled and he then married Marie of Luxemburg on 21 September 1322. She gave birth to a son in March 1324, but the infant died soon after, and Marie survived him only by a few days. Charles married a third time, to Jeanne of Évreux, on 5 July 1324. When he died, on 1 February 1328, he had only one living child, a daugther Marie from his third marriage. The children born out of his first two marriages had died in childhood and so had the first daugther from his third marriage. The queen, Jeanne of Évreux, however, was pregnant when her husband died, and she give birth to a posthumous daughter, called Blanche. He was the last king of France of the direct Capetian line. As Charles died without male offspring, he was succeeded to the throne of France by Philip VI of Valois, the son of his maternal uncle Charles de Valois.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

Blanche of Burgundy, queen of France (d. 1326)

Daughter of Odo V, count of Burgundy, and Mahaut, countess of Artois. First wife of king Charles IV of France, to whom she was married in 1308. Some manuscript versions of Froissart’s Chronicles mistakenly describe her as daughter of the count of Artois, when in fact she was the daughter of the countess of Artois, daughter and heir of Robert II, count of Artois.

Fortress of Château-Gaillard

The castle of Château-Gaillard (Eure), France.

King Charles IV of France (d. 1328)

Charles was born at Creil on 18 June 1294 as the third son of King Philip IV of France and Jeanne of Navarre. In January 1308 he was married to Blanche of Burgundy. He was made count of La Marche in 1314. He succeded as king of France and king of Navarre on 3 January 1322, after the death of his elder brother, Philip V, and was crowned on 11 February in Rheims. In May of the same year his marriage was annulled and he then married Marie of Luxemburg on 21 September 1322. She gave birth to a son in March 1324, but the infant died soon after, and Marie survived him only by a few days. Charles married a third time, to Jeanne of Évreux, on 5 July 1324. When he died, on 1 February 1328, he had only one living child, a daugther Marie from his third marriage. The children born out of his first two marriages had died in childhood and so had the first daugther from his third marriage. The queen, Jeanne of Évreux, however, was pregnant when her husband died, and she give birth to a posthumous daughter, called Blanche. He was the last king of France of the direct Capetian line. As Charles died without male offspring, he was succeeded to the throne of France by Philip VI of Valois, the son of his maternal uncle Charles de Valois.

The reading ‘conte d’Artois’ is found in most manuscripts of the ‘A’ redaction of Book I, but these all belong to the same textual family. This reading is historically incorrect, as Blanche’s father was Odo V, count of Burgundy, who did not have the title of ‘count of Artois’. Instead it was Blanche’s mother, Mahaut, countess of Artois, who had inherited Artois in 1302, shortly before her husband’s death in 1303. The correct authorial reading ‘contesse d’Artois’ is found in seven manuscripts of the ‘A’ redaction of Book I (Brusssels, II 2551, Leiden, VGGF 9 I, and Paris, BnF, mss. fr. 2640, 2641, 2642, 2675 and 6474), and in the manuscripts of the ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘Valenciennes’ and ‘Amiens’ redactions.

Manuscript reading: du conte d’Artois

Emended reading: de la contesse d’Artois