Romans

Romans

The Capitol

The Capitol (Capitoline Hill), centre of the civic government of medieval Rome, Italy.

Rome

Rome, Italy.

Gate of Naples

It is doubtful that the entrance gate would have actually been called the 'Gate of Naples’; it is more likely that the troops entered Rome from the south, along the Via Appia, so that the gate they used may have been the Porta San Sebastiano (Porta Appia).

Bretons

The Capitol

The Capitol (Capitoline Hill), centre of the civic government of medieval Rome, Italy.

Council of Rome

Bretons

Romans

Rome

Rome, Italy.

Bretons

Rome

Rome, Italy.

Rome

Rome, Italy.

Bretons

Rome

Rome, Italy.

Popes Urban VI and Clement VII

Refers to the rival popes Urban VI and Clement VII.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Fondi

Fondi (Lazio), Italy.

Queen Jeanne I of Naples (d. 1382)

Jeanne d’Anjou (1328 - 1382), queen Jeanne I of Naples, daughter of Charles, duke of Calabria, and Marie de Valois. Jeanne inherited from her grandfather, Robert of Naples, and, after contesting his will with the intervention of the pope, was crowned queen of Naples in 1344. She was also countess of Provence, queen consort of Majorca and titular queen of Jerusalem and Sicily. She was married four times: (1) Andrew of Hungary, duke of Calabria; (2) Louis, prince of Taranto; (3) James IV of Majorca; (4) Otto, duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.

Papacy

Queen Jeanne I of Naples (d. 1382)

Jeanne d’Anjou (1328 - 1382), queen Jeanne I of Naples, daughter of Charles, duke of Calabria, and Marie de Valois. Jeanne inherited from her grandfather, Robert of Naples, and, after contesting his will with the intervention of the pope, was crowned queen of Naples in 1344. She was also countess of Provence, queen consort of Majorca and titular queen of Jerusalem and Sicily. She was married four times: (1) Andrew of Hungary, duke of Calabria; (2) Louis, prince of Taranto; (3) James IV of Majorca; (4) Otto, duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.

Sicily

This actually refers to the kingdom of Naples; the island of Sicily was separated from the mainland kingdom after the Sicilian Vespers rebellion of 1282, when Charles I of Sicily was defeated by Peter III of Aragon. Even though the kingdom of Sicily was divided, Charles I and his successors continued to be named 'kings of Sicily’ although their kingdom became known as thekingdom of Naples.

Provence

The historical county of Provence, France

Sicily

This actually refers to the kingdom of Naples; the island of Sicily was separated from the mainland kingdom after the Sicilian Vespers rebellion of 1282, when Charles I of Sicily was defeated by Peter III of Aragon. Even though the kingdom of Sicily was divided, Charles I and his successors continued to be named 'kings of Sicily’ although their kingdom became known as thekingdom of Naples.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).