John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

Brétigny

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

The Latecomers

The Latecomers (Fr. ‘les Tards-Venus’), a contemporary term used to describe the marauding band of men assembled after 1360, most often known as the Great Company, one of the largest and most formidable of the routier companies. According to Caferro, Froissart took the term 'Tard-Venus’ from Jean le Bel, but contemporary documents, as well as modern historians, have affirmed the correctness of the term the 'Great Company’ (Magna Societas). John Hawkwood began his mercenary career in the Great Company

Duchy of Burgundy

Burgundy, a region in the east of France whose unity was based more upon historical than geographical factors.

English

The people of England; subjects of the English crown; English troops or populations, etc.

Bretons

Gascons

Germans

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Robert Birkhead

Robert Birkhead, a mercenary captain and companion of John Hawkwood, who died in 1368.

John Creswell

John Creswell, a mercenary captain and companion of John Hawkwood who died at Niort in 1373.

Battle of Brignais

The battle of Brignais took place on 6 April 1362 between mercenary companies and the French royal army. Part of the royal army, led by Jacques de Bourbon, count of La Marche, suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the companies.

Pont-Saint-Esprit

The town of Pont-Saint-Esprit, the administrative centre of the canton of the Gard in France, had in fact been taken by mercenaries at the end of December 1360, and not in the way that Froissart describes.

Bernard de Sorges

Bernard de Sorges, a mercenary captain.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

The cardinals

John II Palaeologus, marquis of Montferrat (d. 1371/2)

John II Palaeologus (c. 1321 - 1372), marquis of Montferrat, son of Theodore Palaeologus and Argentina Spinola; the marquisate was situated between Piedmont and Milan. John II declared war on the viscount of Milan.

John II Palaeologus, marquis of Montferrat (d. 1371/2)

John II Palaeologus (c. 1321 - 1372), marquis of Montferrat, son of Theodore Palaeologus and Argentina Spinola; the marquisate was situated between Piedmont and Milan. John II declared war on the viscount of Milan.

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Italy

Pope Urban V (d. 1370)

Guillaume de Grimoard (1310 - 1370); he was elected pope Urban V in 1362.

Pope Gregory XI (d. 1378)

Pope Gregory XI was Pierre Roger de Beaufort, a Benedictine, archbishop of Rouen and pope from 1370 to 1378, succeeded pope Urban V; he was the last pope in residence at Avignon before the Great Schism that followed the election of his successor. Froissart is mistaken though. Gaston died in 1381: the pope would have been Clement VII, the first pope from the Clementine party to continue to reside in Avignon.

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (d. 1397)

Enguerrand VII de Coucy (1340 - 1397), lord of Coucy, only son and successor of Enguerrand VI de Coucy. Enguerrand VII was considered to be among the most skilled and experienced of French knights in the fourteenth century; he was offered twice the position of constable of France, the highest military office in France, which he refused both times. A master of diplomacy, Coucy managed to maintain both his allegiance to the king of France and to his English father-in-law Edward III during the Hundred Years' War. However, Coucy resigned all of his English honours upon the accession of Richard II on 26 August 1377.

Gian Galeazzo Visconti (d. 1402)

Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1351 - 1402), count of Vertus, duke of Milan; son of Galeazzo II Visconti and Bianca of Savoy. His marriage to the French princess Isabella de Valois brought him the title of count of Vertus with a little fiefdom in Champagne.

Lombards

Romans

Pope Urban VI (d. 1389)

Bartolomeo Prignano (c. 1318 - 1389) known as 'des Aigles’, Bari and chancellor of the papal curia under Gregory XI; elected pope in April 1378 in Rome, as Urban VI. Died in October 1389.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Rome

Rome, Italy.

John Hawkwood

John Hawkwood (1323? - 1394), a famous English soldier and mercenary, son of Gilbert Hawkwood, a wealthy landowner in Essex, England. Sir John Hawkwood ended his long military career in Italy and died in 1394. Many years after his death his monument was painted by Paolo Uccello and can still be seen in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.

Romans

Sylvestre Budes

Sylvestre or Silvestre Budes (c. 1310 - 1380), a Breton mercenary captain; for his service with Louis of Anjou, Bertrand du Guesclin and Henry of Trastámara. Valois notes that he was the cousin of Bertrand du Guesclin.

Bretons

Sylvestre Budes

Sylvestre or Silvestre Budes (c. 1310 - 1380), a Breton mercenary captain; for his service with Louis of Anjou, Bertrand du Guesclin and Henry of Trastámara. Valois notes that he was the cousin of Bertrand du Guesclin.

Rome

Rome, Italy.

Avignon

Avignon, on the river Rhône, administrative centre of the Vaucluse département. Seat of the Avignon papacy from 1309 until 1378 and, subsequent to that, seat of the first two 'clementine' popes: Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

Jean de la Grange, cardinal of Amiens

Jean de la Grange, a Benedictine, was bishop of Amiens, and was made a cardinal in 1376.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

Jean de la Grange, cardinal of Amiens

Jean de la Grange, a Benedictine, was bishop of Amiens, and was made a cardinal in 1376.

Avignon

Avignon, on the river Rhône, administrative centre of the Vaucluse département. Seat of the Avignon papacy from 1309 until 1378 and, subsequent to that, seat of the first two 'clementine' popes: Clement VII and Benedict XIII.

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope Clement VII; born Robert of Geneva (1342 - 1394), son of Amadeus III, count of Geneva and of Matilda, daughter of Robert VII, count of Boulogne and Auvergne, grandparent of King John II of France. He became bishop of Thérouanne in 1361, archbishop of Cambrai in 1368, and cardinal in 1371. He was elected at Fondi in 1378 by the French cardinals in opposition to Urban VI as pope Clement VII, and became the first antipope of the Great Schism. Eventually it was determined that he would be recorded as an antipope rather than enumerated as a pope, and the name Clement VII was used by a 'legitimate’ 16th-century pope. Clement resided at Avignon. Froissart speaks of him as the 'true’ pope and of his enjoying the support of the king of France amongst others. He died in 1394.

City of Mâcon

Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire), France

Flanders

County of Flanders, a historical region in the Low Countries.