Castile

King João I of Portugal (d. 1433)

King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.

Lisbon

Lisbon at the mouth of the river Tagus, district of Lisbon, Portugal.

England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

King Richard II of England (d. 1400)

Richard was born on 6 January 1367 in Bordeaux. Froissart called him Richard of Bordeaux after his place of birth. He was the second son of Edward, the Black Prince, prince of Wales and Aquitaine, and Joan of Kent. After the death of his elder brother Edward in 1372, and of his father, in 1376, Richard was created prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and earl of Chester on 20 November 1376. He succeeded to his grandfather, King Edward III the following year, and became king on 22 June 1377. He reigned as king of England until 1399, when he was forced to abdicate by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke. Richard married his first wife, Anne of Bohemia, on 14 January 1382. In 1396, two years after the death of his first wife, he married Isabella, daughter of the French king, Charles VI.

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

King Richard II of England (d. 1400)

Richard was born on 6 January 1367 in Bordeaux. Froissart called him Richard of Bordeaux after his place of birth. He was the second son of Edward, the Black Prince, prince of Wales and Aquitaine, and Joan of Kent. After the death of his elder brother Edward in 1372, and of his father, in 1376, Richard was created prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and earl of Chester on 20 November 1376. He succeeded to his grandfather, King Edward III the following year, and became king on 22 June 1377. He reigned as king of England until 1399, when he was forced to abdicate by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke. Richard married his first wife, Anne of Bohemia, on 14 January 1382. In 1396, two years after the death of his first wife, he married Isabella, daughter of the French king, Charles VI.

King Fernando I of Portugal (d. 1383)

Fernando I (1345 - 1383), king of Portugal (1367-83), son of king Pedro I of Portugal and his second wife Constance of Penafiel.

John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)

John of Gaunt (1340-99): duke of Lancaster, son of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III, king of England, who was a pretender to the Castilian throne by right of his marriage to Constanza, eldest daughter of Pedro I, king of Castile, who died in 1369. John of Gaunt was an important person in English political and military life during the last quarter of the fourteenth century, exercising great influence in domestic and foreign policy in England during the reign of Richard II, despite periods of unpopularity and strife with his royal nephew.

Philippa of Lancaster (d. 1415)

Philippa of Lancaster (1360 - 1415), daughter of John, duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Lancaster. Wife of João I, king of Portugal.

Portugal

Castile

England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

João Rodrigues

Jean Radigo, knight of the royal Portuguese household, sent to England.

Jean Teste d'Or

A German knight from the king of Portugal's household.

Marc de la Higuera

Marc de la Higuera, archdeacon of Lisbon, advisor to the king of Portugal, who was sent to England as an ambassador.

Lisbon Harbour

England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

King Juan I of Castile (d. 1390)

Juan or John I of Castile (1358 - 1390), son of Henry of Trastámara and Juana Manuel of Castile. He married (1) Eleanor of Aragon, daughter of Pere IV, king of Aragon, in 1375 (2) Beatrice of Portugal, daughter of king Ferdinand I of Portugal. Juan succeeded the throne of Castile in 1379 until 1390, taking the title "Juan I".

Lisbon

Lisbon at the mouth of the river Tagus, district of Lisbon, Portugal.

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

Gascony

Spanish

King João I of Portugal (d. 1433)

King João I of Portugal (1357 - 1433), the illegitimate son of Pedro I of Portugal and a Galician noblewoman Teresa Lourenço. He was the grandmaster of the Order of Aviz until he became king in 1385 upon the death of his legitimate brother, Fernando I by the cortes at Coïmbra in April. Froissart returns time and again to the notion of the contested or controversial succession of an illegitimate or bastard son. João I reigned until 1433.

England

Island kingdom bounded to the west by the Marcher lordships and the (still contested) principality of Wales conquered by Edward I; English lordships included parts of modern south Wales (from southern Pembrokeshire through Swansea, Cardiff and on towards Gloucester in England); bounded to the north by the kingdom of Scotland, to the east by the North Sea and to the south by the Channel; included Somerset, Devon and Cornwall to the south-west. Population up to the Black Death of 1348-9 approximately 4 million souls.

English

The people of England; subjects of the English crown; English troops or populations, etc.

Portuguese

King Juan I of Castile (d. 1390)

Juan or John I of Castile (1358 - 1390), son of Henry of Trastámara and Juana Manuel of Castile. He married (1) Eleanor of Aragon, daughter of Pere IV, king of Aragon, in 1375 (2) Beatrice of Portugal, daughter of king Ferdinand I of Portugal. Juan succeeded the throne of Castile in 1379 until 1390, taking the title "Juan I".

France

The kingdom of France, populated up until the Black Death of 1348-9 by 12-16 millions souls and including up to the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) the Ile-de-France together with the apanages of Normandy, Anjou, Bourbon, Champagne, Valois, Auvergne and Languedoc, plus a number of important fiefs such as the counties of Blois, Nevers and Foix, and (from 1349) Montpellier and the Dauphiné; diminished from 1354 by the growing activity and influence in the Cotentin and other parts of Normandy of the king of Navarre, Charles of Evreux, and by English conquests resulting in an enlarged duchy of Guyenne (essentially Gascony; will become the principality of Aquitaine) stretching from the borders of the great and at times pro-English duchy of Brittany to the Pyrenees (save for the neutral county of Béarn) and eastwards to embrace the Poitou, Limousin and Rouergue (on the border with the Languedoc); Ponthieu and Guines are also in English hands. The French re-conquest under Charles V and Du Guesclin progressively drives the English from the realm, leaving them (by 1370-80) the ports of Calais, Cherbourg, Brest, Bordeaux and Bayonne, and a much-reduced Aquitaine. Brittany returns to French allegiance from 1365 onwards (Treaty of Guérande).

Béarn

France, south-west, modern Pyrénées-Atlantiques; from the ninth century a vicomté held of the duchy of Gascony (later Guyenne) and in theory therefore subject to the authority of the kings of England. Largely independent of English influence, even from Edward, prince of Wales and Aquitaine (from 1362), under Gaston III ‘Fébus’, count of Foix and viscount of Béarn (d. 1391).

Foix

France, southern; modern department of Ariège; bounded to the south by the Pyrenees, the west by Comminges, the north by the county of Toulouse and the east by Languedoc (France). Historic county established in 1050; in 1290 count Roger-Bernard III acquired Béarn by marriage, linking the two territories.

Gaston III ‘Fébus’, count of Foix (d. 1391)

Gaston III, count of Foix, known as Fébus (1331 - 1391), son of Gaston II of Foix and Aliénor de Comminges, whose court the chronicler visited in 1388. Gaston was born in 1331 and succeeded his father in 1343. On 4th August 1348 he married Agnès de Navarre, the daughter of Philippe, count of Évreux and of Jeanne, queen of Navarre, who herself was the daughter of Louis X of France known as the Quarreller, the Headstrong or the Stubborn. Gaston died in 1391. He was the author of a celebrated treatise on hunting entitled Livre de chasse, or the Book of the hunt.

Jean III, count of Armagnac (d. 1391)

Jean III d'Armagnac (1359 - 1391), count of Armagnac; son of Jean II d'Armagnac and Jeanne de Périgord.

Kings of Spain and Portugal

Refers to Juan I of Castile and João I of Portugal.

Auvergne

France, central region at the heart of the Massif Central covering approximately the modern departments of Cantal, Puy-de-Dôme and (parts of) Haute-Loire; bounded to the north by the duchy of Bourbon, the west by Limousin, the south by Viadene, the south-east by Gévaudan and the south-west by Quercy. Major towns: Clermont, Montferrand and Riom.

Toulousain

Rouergue

France, Midi-Pyrénées; corresponds approximately to the modern department of Aveyron; traversed from east to west by the River Aveyron which flows through Rodez, the major city; bounded to the north by Viadene and Auvergne; the west by the Causses de Gramat and Limogne, and by Quercy; the south by Languedoc and the east by Gévaudan and the Causses du Larzac; to the north-east by the Causse de Sauveterre; (ceded to the English in 1360 under the treaty of Brétigny; held by them until early 1369).

Bigorre

France, south-west; occupied most of the modern Hautes-Pyrénées; capital: Tarbes; other towns: Lourdes, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Tournay, Lannemezan; confiscated by Philip IV of France in 1292; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the treaty of Brétigny; recaptured by the French with the aid of the count of Foix after 1370.

Portugal

Edward of Woodstock, prince of Wales, the Black Prince

Edward of Woodstock (1330 - 1376), prince of Wales from 1343 (aged 12), and from 1362 prince of Aquitaine; popularly known as the Black Prince. He was the eldest son of king Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was knighted by his father on the Crécy campaign, the day after the English army landed at Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue. He married Joan of Kent on 10 October 1361. They had two sons, Edward, and Richard. His first son died young, in 1372. The Black Prince himself died on 8 June 1376, in Westminster. When king Edward III died the following year, he was succeded by Richard. The Black Prince was an effective, successful and popular military leader in the campaigns against France during the first part of the Hundred Years' War.

Joan of Kent

Joan, countess of Kent, princess of Wales (c. 1328 - 1385), daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, first earl of Kent, and Margaret Wake. She married Edward the Black Prince in 1361 and had her second son, the future king Richard II, with the prince, in 1367.

Jean I, count of Armagnac (d. 1374)

Jean I, Jean II's father; he died in 1374.

Joan of Kent

Joan, countess of Kent, princess of Wales (c. 1328 - 1385), daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, first earl of Kent, and Margaret Wake. She married Edward the Black Prince in 1361 and had her second son, the future king Richard II, with the prince, in 1367.

Gaston III ‘Fébus’, count of Foix (d. 1391)

Gaston III, count of Foix, known as Fébus (1331 - 1391), son of Gaston II of Foix and Aliénor de Comminges, whose court the chronicler visited in 1388. Gaston was born in 1331 and succeeded his father in 1343. On 4th August 1348 he married Agnès de Navarre, the daughter of Philippe, count of Évreux and of Jeanne, queen of Navarre, who herself was the daughter of Louis X of France known as the Quarreller, the Headstrong or the Stubborn. Gaston died in 1391. He was the author of a celebrated treatise on hunting entitled Livre de chasse, or the Book of the hunt.

Gaston III ‘Fébus’, count of Foix (d. 1391)

Gaston III, count of Foix, known as Fébus (1331 - 1391), son of Gaston II of Foix and Aliénor de Comminges, whose court the chronicler visited in 1388. Gaston was born in 1331 and succeeded his father in 1343. On 4th August 1348 he married Agnès de Navarre, the daughter of Philippe, count of Évreux and of Jeanne, queen of Navarre, who herself was the daughter of Louis X of France known as the Quarreller, the Headstrong or the Stubborn. Gaston died in 1391. He was the author of a celebrated treatise on hunting entitled Livre de chasse, or the Book of the hunt.

Béarn

France, south-west, modern Pyrénées-Atlantiques; from the ninth century a vicomté held of the duchy of Gascony (later Guyenne) and in theory therefore subject to the authority of the kings of England. Largely independent of English influence, even from Edward, prince of Wales and Aquitaine (from 1362), under Gaston III ‘Fébus’, count of Foix and viscount of Béarn (d. 1391).

Bigorre

France, south-west; occupied most of the modern Hautes-Pyrénées; capital: Tarbes; other towns: Lourdes, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Tournay, Lannemezan; confiscated by Philip IV of France in 1292; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the treaty of Brétigny; recaptured by the French with the aid of the count of Foix after 1370.

Toulousain

Comminges

France, Central Pyrenees, roughly equivalent to the modern departments of Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Gers and Hautes-Pyrénées. County belonging to the duchy of Aquitaine.

Béarn

France, south-west, modern Pyrénées-Atlantiques; from the ninth century a vicomté held of the duchy of Gascony (later Guyenne) and in theory therefore subject to the authority of the kings of England. Largely independent of English influence, even from Edward, prince of Wales and Aquitaine (from 1362), under Gaston III ‘Fébus’, count of Foix and viscount of Béarn (d. 1391).

Bigorre

France, south-west; occupied most of the modern Hautes-Pyrénées; capital: Tarbes; other towns: Lourdes, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Tournay, Lannemezan; confiscated by Philip IV of France in 1292; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the treaty of Brétigny; recaptured by the French with the aid of the count of Foix after 1370.

Stronghold of Lourdes

Bigorre

France, south-west; occupied most of the modern Hautes-Pyrénées; capital: Tarbes; other towns: Lourdes, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Tournay, Lannemezan; confiscated by Philip IV of France in 1292; ceded to the English crown in 1360 under the treaty of Brétigny; recaptured by the French with the aid of the count of Foix after 1370.

King Edward III of England (d. 1377)

Edward III (1312 - 1377), king of England; son of king Edward II of England and Isabella of France.

Edward of Woodstock, prince of Wales, the Black Prince

Edward of Woodstock (1330 - 1376), prince of Wales from 1343 (aged 12), and from 1362 prince of Aquitaine; popularly known as the Black Prince. He was the eldest son of king Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was knighted by his father on the Crécy campaign, the day after the English army landed at Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue. He married Joan of Kent on 10 October 1361. They had two sons, Edward, and Richard. His first son died young, in 1372. The Black Prince himself died on 8 June 1376, in Westminster. When king Edward III died the following year, he was succeded by Richard. The Black Prince was an effective, successful and popular military leader in the campaigns against France during the first part of the Hundred Years' War.

King John II of France (d. 1364)

Jean II (1319 - 1364), king of France (1350 - 1364), known as Jean le Bon or John the Good; son of Philip VI of Valois, king of France, and of Jeanne de Bourgogne. He was knighted on 2 October 1332 in Paris. He married 1) Bonne de Luxemburg 2) Jeanne d’Auvergne, countess of Auvergne and Boulogne. He was taken prisoner by the English at the battle of Poitiers in 1356.

Brétigny

Chartres

Calais