past have used and enjoyed certain Free Customs, until of late Years they have been unjustly molested; which Customs are as followeth, viz. That no Foreigner do sell or buy of another Foreigner any Merchandizes within the Liberties of the said City, upon pain of Forfeiting the same: Nevertheless, being desirous for the future to take away all Controversies about the same, do by these Presents, with the Assent aforesaid, Will and Grant, and by these Presents, for Us and Our Heirs, do Confirm unto the said Citizens and their Successors, That for the future no Foreigner sell to another Foreigner any Merchandizes within the Liberties of the said City: Nor that any Foreigner do buy of another Foreigner any Merchandize, upon Pain of Forfeiting the same. The Privileges of our Subjects of Aquitain in all things excepted. So that such Buying and Selling be made betwixt Merchant and Merchant.

AND moreover, altho Time out of mind, for the Commonweal of our Realm and the said City, it hath been used, and by Authority of Parliament Approved and Confirmed, That no Stranger from the Liberty of the City buy or sell from any Stranger from the Liberty of the same City, any Merchandize or Wares within the Liberties of the said City, upon Forfeiture of the same: The said Maior, Commonalty, and their Predecessors, have had and received, and have been accustomed to receive, and have to the Use of the said Maior, Commonalty, and Citizens, all and all manner of Merchandizes and Wares bought and sold within the Liberties of the said City, between Foreigners, as Merchandizes and Wares forfeited, until of late Years they were troubled or molested: We being desirous for the future to take away all Doubts and Controversies herein, and to Confirm, and by express Words to Explain and Declare the Liberty and Custom aforesaid, to them the said Maior, Commonalty and Citizens of Our said City, their Heirs and Successors. And being willing that the said Liberties be peaceably and quietly had, possessed, and enjoyed by the said Maior, Commonalty and Citizens, their Heirs and Successors, with the Forfeitures aforesaid: By this present Charter We do Confirm to the said Maior, Commonalty and Citizens, their Heirs and Successors, That no Stranger from the Liberties of the same City buy or sell from another Stranger to the Liberties of the said City any Merchandizes or Wares within the Liberties of the said City, upon Pain of Forfeiting the same. And if any Stranger to the Liberty of the same City shall sell or buy any Merchandizes or Wares within the Liberty of the same City, of any other Stranger to the Liberty of the same City, That the said Maior, Commonalty, and Citizens, their Heirs and Successors, may have, hold and receive all and all manner of such like Merchandizes and Wares so bought, and to be bought, sold, or to be sold within the Liberty of the said City, between whatsoever Strangers to the Liberties of the said City, as Forfeited: And all such Forfeitures, as also the Penalties, Fines, and Redemptions whatsoever, any way forfeited, lost, or to be lost, or to be forfeited, or due thereon to the Use and Profit of the said Maior, Commonalty, and Citizens, their Heirs and Successors, without any Lett of Us, Our Heirs or Successors, and without any Account, or any other Thing to be given or paid thereof to Us, our Heirs or Successors, any Statute, Act or Ordinance of Us or our Progenitors made to the contrary notwithstanding. Although the said Maior, Commonalty and Citizens of the said City, and their Predecessors, have before this time used, abused, or not used the said Customs or Liberties. Saving always that the Great Men, Lords and Nobles, English and Strangers, of what Condition soever they shall be, may have free Liberty within the said City, to buy for their Family or own proper Uses, any Merchandizes in Gross, without Forfeiture, Loss or Hindrance whatsover: So that they do not sell again any of the said Merchandizes to any other.

Commun' Concil' tent' in Camera Guihald' Civit. London die Veneris quarto die Julij, Anno Regni Dominæ nostræ ANNÆ, nunc Reginæ Magnæ Britanniæ, &c. undecimo, Annoq; Domini 1712. Coram Roberto Beachcroft, Mil' Major' Civitatis predict', Willielmo Withers Mil', Samuele Garrard Bar', Richardo Hoare Mil', Johanne Ward Armigero, Franciso Eyles Armigero, & Thoma Scawen Armigero, ejusdem Civitatis Aldermannis, and Willielmo Stewart Mil', Aldermanno, ac uno Vicecomitum Civitatis prædict' necnon majore parte Communiarior' dictæ Civitatis in eodem Communi Concilio tunc ibidem assemblat'.

WHereas by the Laws and Customs of this City of London, no person or persons should be willingly suffered to Exercise, Use, or Occupy any Manual Occupation or Handicraft, or to sell or put to Sale any Wares or Merchandizes by Retail, in any Shop, inward or outward, or other place or room kept for Shew, Sale, or putting to Sale any Wares or Merchandizes by Retail, within the said City or Liberties thereof, unless he or they were Frée, or Apprentice or Apprentices with some that be Frée, and bound by Indenture according to the Custom of the said City: Nor should any Artificers or Handicrafts-Men, or other Shop-kéepers or Traders by Retail, being Frée of this City, be permitted to Employ, Hire or set on Work in any such Handicraft or Manual Occupation, or in buying, selling, or exposing to Sale by Retail, any Wares or Merchandizes within the said City, or the Liberties thereof, any person or persons whatsoever, not being Frée of the said City, or Apprentice or Apprentices, as aforesaid; The which Laws and Customs notwithstanding, divers persons not being Frée of the said City, do use and exercise sundry manual Occupations or Handicrats within the same City, or the Liberties thereof, and several other Artificers and Handicrafts-men, and other Shop-kéepers and Traders by Retail, being Fréemen of this City, not regarding the same Laws and Customs thereof; have of late, not only willingly employed, hired and set on work within the said City and Liberty thereof, divers Foreigners from the Liberties of the same City, in divers and sundry Handicrafts and manual Occupations, and in buying and selling, and exposing to Sale by Retail divers Wares and Merchandizes within the said City and Liberties thereof; but have also refused toTake, Employ, and set on work in their Trades and Occupations the honest poor Citizens and Fréemen of the same City, to the great Hindrance, Loss and Prejudice of the said poor Citizens, and to the utter Undoing of a great Number of the said poor Handicrafts-men, and other persons bred to Trades, and not of ability to set up the same, being Citizens and Fréemen of the said City, unless some spéedy Remedy be herein provided.

For Reformation whereof, Be it Enacted, Ordained and Established by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and Commons in this present Common Council assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That no person whatsoever, not being Frée of the said City, shall at any time after the Feast-Day of